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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chart of hormones |
Back (Definition) |
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Hormones are assembled into regulatory pathways |
Simple pathway Neuroendocrine pathways - non-tropic and tropic |
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Simple hormone pathways |
Endocrine cells respond directly to internal or environmental stimulus Secrete a particular hormone from an endocrine cell, travel thru bloodstream and interact with specific receptors within a target cell to create physiological response |
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Simple neuroendocrine pathway |
Stimulus is received by a sensory neuron stimulating a neurosecretory cell Neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone into bloodstream that travels to target cells |
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Feedback regulation |
Negative: Response reduces stimulus, prevents excessive pathway activity. Restores a preexisting state (secretin in GI system) Positive: response increases stimulus, amplifies response and stimulus (oxytocin produces milk which increases sucking, which creates more oxytocin or oxytocin stimulating uterine muscles in Birth process) |
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Homeostasis |
To restore preexisting state Simple hormone pathways are paired to counterbalance each other(stimulates vs inhibits) ie: regulation of blood glucose levels. Set point at about 90mg/100mL. See next card on insulin |
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Insulting and glucagon are antagonistic hormones |
Back (Definition) |
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Endocrine glands and nervous system |
Endocrine: secrete hormones into blood, slower, prolonged response Nervous: transmit nerve impulses, faster, less prolonged |
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Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) |
Polypeptide neurohormone Directs release of ecdysteroid which trigger molting and metamorphosis JH(juvenile hormone) modulates timing of the ecdysteroid activity |
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Hypothalamus |
Region of forebrain below the thalamus Links nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland (hypophysis) Controls: pituitary, temp, thirst, hunger, homeostasis and is involved in sleep and emotional activity Received info from nerves in body and sends needed endocrine signal |
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Pituitary gland |
At base of hypothalamus Composed of posterior and anterior |
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Posterior pituitary |
Extension of hypothalamus Hypothalamus axons extend into it Stores and secretes hormones that are made in hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin) |
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Anterior pituitary |
Synthesizes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus (FSH&LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, MSH, GH) Regulates some endocrine glands Involves in metabolism, osmoregulation, and reproduction |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
P pituitary hormone Vasopressin. Released from PP in response to increased concentration of blood (high osmolarity and not enough water) Acts on kidneys to increase water retention, decreases urine volume and regulates blood osmolarity (as water reabsorption occurs, blood con. Goes back to normal and ADH is shut off) Also plays role in social behavior |
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Oxytocin |
P pituitary hormone Regulates milk secretion by mammary glands Neurological impulse ( pressure on uterus or from suckling of nipple or hug) causes release Positive feedback (oxy causes contractions which creates more pressure which creates more oxy) Influences behaviors related to maternal care, pair bonding, and sexual activity |
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Anterior pituitary hormones |
All hormone production in AP are controlled by releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones secreted by hypothalamus ie: prolactin releasing hormone stimulates AP to secrete prolactin |
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Release and inhibit acting hormones in AP |
Every AP hormone is controlled by at least one releasing hormone These hormone are secreted at base of hypothalamus near capillaries These capillaries drain into short portal vessels which then subdivide into a second capillary bed in AP Have direct access to gland |
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Hormone cascade pathway |
Sets of hormones from hypothalamus, AP, and endocrine glands AP hormones in these pathways are called tropic hormones |
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Tropic hormones act in a chain |
Tropic: act in beginning of reaction stimulating other endocrine glands to release non-tropic hormones eventually Non tropic: act in end of chain reaction on other cells that are not part of endocrine glands |
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3 AP that have target effects on other glands (tropic effects only) |
Thyroid-stimulating (TSH): stimulates thyroid gland to reproduce thyroid hormones Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH): stims the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids Gonadotropic (FSH & LH): stims the gonads to produce estrogen and testosterone |
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Thyroid regulation cascade pathway |
Thyroid hormone regs bio energetics When levels drops, hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) AP then secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) TSH stims thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone Somatostatin from hypothalamus inhibits P. Glands secretion of TSH |
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Hypothyroidism |
Too little thyroid function Symptoms: weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance |
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Congenital hypothyroidism |
Inherited thyroid deficiency Results in stunted skeletal growth and poor mental development Due to all vertebrae need thyroid hormones for normal functioning of bone forming cells and branching of neurons during embryonic brain development Treatment: thyroid hormones early in life |
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Hashimoto thyroiditis |
Antibodies destroy thyroid Tx for both conditions in admin of thyroid hormones |
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Hyperthyroidism |
Excessive production of thyroid hormone Symptoms: high temp, sweating, weight loss, irritable, high blood pressure |
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Graves’ disease |
Form of hyperthyroidism caused by autoimmunity Protruding eyes, nervousness, hyperactivity, abnormal heart rhythms |
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Thyroid and iodine |
Thyroid hormone is the only iodine containing molecule synthesized in the body Thyroid hormone refers to a pair of hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine: Triiodothyronine (T3) 3 iodine atoms Thyroxine (T4) 4 iodine atoms |
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Malnutrition |
Insufficient iodine in diet (seafood or iodized salt) Cannot synthesize adequate amounts of T3 and T4 (low blood levels of these cannot exert negative feedback) Pituitary secretes TSH, elevating levels and enlarging thyroid in a goiter |
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Gonadtropins |
Follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) Stimulate the activities of gonads Testes: androgens and testosterone Ovaries: estrogens, progestins Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates |
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Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) |
Stims production and secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex |
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Growth hormone |
Secreted by AP Both tropic (signals liver to release insulin-like IGFs) and nontropic (stimulate bone and cartilage growth) effects Excess of GH can cause gigantism while lack can cause dwarfism Also opposes effects of insulin raising glucose levels Inhibited by somatostatin |
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Acromegaly |
Disorder of P gland Caused by GH hyper secretion during adulthood Long bones cannot grow so the effect is noticeable in hands, feet and facial bones |
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3 AP hormones that are non tropic |
Back (Definition) |
