Campbell Biology Chapt 50 Part Ii

Front 1

Different Types of skeletal muscles

Back 1

Classified by source of ATP powering muscle activity or by speed of contraction

Front 2

Types:

Back 2

Slow oxidative

Fast oxidative

Fast glycolytic

Front 3

Myoglobin

Back 3

Protein Binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin does

In fish and poultry, light meat (glycolytic fibers), dark meat (oxidative fibers)

Front 4

Slow twitch

Back 4

Aerobic, steady power, endurance

Slow, but sustain longer

Have less SR than fast twitch and pump Ca slowly

All slow twitch are oxidative

Front 5

Fast twitch

Back 5

Anaerobic, explosive power, fatigues easily

Enables brief, rapid, powerful contractions

Can be either glycolytic or oxidative

Front 6

Cardiac muscle

Back 6

Sinoatrial Node are self-excitable (autorythmic) -Generate action potential throughout myocardium causing heart to contract as single unit

Intercalated discs (special regions that interlock cells), gap junctions that provide direct electrical coupling btw cells

No individual motor units or recruitment

Refractory period is longer, prevents tetanic contractions

Front 7

Smooth muscle

Back 7

Lacks striations bc actin and myosin are not regularly arrayed

Regulates by Ca through plasma membrane, different than skeletal or cardiac (lacks Troponin complexes and poor SR)

Ca ions bind to protein calmodulin to cause contractions

Front 8

Skeletal system

Back 8

Provides a rigid structure to which muscles attract

Attached in antagonistic pairs, but work cooperatively

Front 9

Skeletons of small and large animals have different portions

Back 9

Body posture: The position of the legs relative to the body is important in determining how much weight the legs can bear

Muscles and tendons hold the legs of large animals straight and positioned under the body, bearing most of the load

Front 10

Hydrostatic skeletons

Back 10

Fluid-based support

Movement=muscles changing shape of fluid compartment (peristalsis)

Flatworms, cnidarians, nematodes, annelids

Front 11

Exoskeleton

Back 11

External hard parts

Made of calcium carbonate or chitin

Movement=Jointed, crawling

Insects, anthropoids, mollusks

Front 12

Endoskeleton

Back 12

Internal hard parts

Movement=Jointed, swimming, walking, flying

Sponges to mammals

Front 13

Human skeleton

Back 13

A

Front 14

Joints

Back 14

A

Front 15

Locomotion

Back 15

Active travel from place to place

Energy is expended to overcome gravity

Front 16

Mechanreceptors

Back 16

Responsible for hearing and body equilibrium

Front 17

Statocysts

Back 17

Organ that Maintains equilibrium using mechanoreceptrs that detect movement of granules

Front 18

Statoliths

Back 18

Granules (movement detects equilibrium )

Provide info about body position with respect to gravity

Front 19

Insects and equilibrium

Back 19

Have body hairs that vibrate in response to sound waves

Hairs have different stiffness and length

Detect sound by organs (ears) a tympanic membrane stretched over an internal air chamber

Sounds waves vibrate tympanic membrane, stim receptors

Front 20

Hearing

Back 20

Stimulus, pressurized sound waves

Ear transduces pressure into nerve impulses that brain perceives as sound

Relies on sensory receptors that are hair cells (a type of mechanoreceptors)

Front 21

Tympanic membrane

Back 21

Vibrates when hearing (ear drum)

Separates outer ear from middle ear

Front 22

Bones in middle ear

Back 22

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrups)

Transmit vibrations of moving air to the oval window on cochlea

Front 23

Perilymph

Back 23

Fluid in cochlea that travels through vestibular canal

Creates pressure waves from vibrations of the 3 bones

Front 24

Cochlea

Back 24

Contains 2 large canals separated by cochlear duct

Pressure waves push down on the cochlear duct and basilar membrane causing membrane and attached hairs to vibrate up and down

Front 25

Organ of Corti

Back 25

Floor of the cochlear duct, the Basilar membrane

Contains mechanoreceptors of the ear (hair cells projecting into cochlear duct

Many are attached to the tectorial membrane (hangs over organ of Corti)

Sounds waves make the basilar membrane vibrate which results in bending of hairs and depolarization

Front 26

Hair cells

Back 26

Vibration of basilar membrane raises and lowers hair cells which bends hairs against the surrounding fluid and tectorial membrane

Bending in one direction depolarizes (increasing NT release and frequency of action potentials)

bending in the other direction hyperpolarizes (decreasing Nts and frequency of auditory sensations

Front 27

Dampening of sound waves

Back 27

The 3 bones produce the vibration against the round window which creates pressure waves in cochlear.

Pressure waves travel through vestibular canal of cochlear and pass around the apex following the tympanic canal dissipating at the end

This resets apparatus for next vibrations that arrive

Front 28

Volume and pitch

Back 28

Vol: amplitude of sound wave

Pitch: freq of sound wave

The cochlea can distinguish bc the basilar membrane is not uniform along its length

Each region of basilar membrane is tuned to a particular vibration frequency

Front 29

High pitch freq bs low pitch freq

Back 29

High: high freq waves, detected by cells with shorter hair bundles located closest to where sound enters ear

Low: low freq waves, detected by taller cells located further toward apex

Pattern progress through several thousand hair cells

Front 30

Volume

Back 30

Based on amount of NT released (more NT, higher sound)

More vigorous vibration of basilar membrane, more bending of hairs, more action potentials

Front 31

Basilar membrane and pitch/volume

Back 31

Narrows and stiffens to widens and more flexible

The higher the freq, the closer vibration to the oval window

Region vibrating most vigorously triggers highest frequency of action potential

Front 32

Vestibular system

Back 32

Sensory organ essential for movement and equilibrium

Several inner ear organs can detect body movement, head position, and spatial orientation

Involved in motor functions that allow keeping balance, stabilizing head and body during movement and maintain posture

Front 33

Vestibular labyrinth

Back 33

3 semicircular canals contain fluid and can detect angular movement in any direction in the ampullae

Front 34

Semicircular canals

Back 34

Rotation, angle of head, anterior-forward, backward; posterior- nodding up/down; lateral- shaking side to side

Front 35

Rotational equilibrium

Back 35

Ampullae of semicircular canals contain hair cells with stereocilla embedded in cupula.

When head rotates, culpula is displaced, bending stereocilla sending nerve impulses

Front 36

Utricle and saccule

Back 36

U: horizontal; S: is vertical

Contain hair cells projecting into gel material

Front 37

Otoliths

Back 37

Granules embedded in gel of utricle and saccule

Allow perception of position relative to gravity or linear movement

Responsible in perceiving acceleration

Front 38

Deafness

Back 38

Infection, head trauma, side effects of drugs

Age associated 20-60 yrs. 1st lose high pitch

Mumps and measles at birth

Front 39

Vertigo

Back 39

Dizziness

Feeling movement when no motion is occurring

Benign position vertigo

Front 40

Vertigo

Back 40

Dizziness

Feeling movement when no motion is occurring

Benign position vertigo

Front 41

Meniers disease

Back 41

Vertigo, tinnitus (ringin in ear), hearing loss, increase vol of fluid

Front 42

Lateral line system

Back 42

Detects water movement

Mechanreceptors with hair cells

Helps fish with movement through water, prey, predators