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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 regions of Cerebrum |
Frontal Temporal Occipital Parietal Largest part of brain and essential for language cognition memory consciousness awareness |
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Information processing |
Cerebral cortex receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors Somatosensory receptors provide info about touch, pain, pressure, temp, and position of muscles and limb |
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Functions of CNS |
Afferent info into spinal cord (sometimes crosses midline with interneurons in spinal cord) Comes up white matter tract into brain stem nuclei (filtration and direct info) Then to thalamus or straight to the thalamus (the main director of where info goes) Routed to somatosensory cortex |
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Thalamus and info processing |
Directs different types of input to distinct locations |
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Somatosensory and motor cortex |
Neurons arranged according to parts of the body that generates input or receives commands Feet to head from center out |
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Humunculus |
Shows where sensations are |
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Broca’s area |
Speech formation Damage leads to understanding language but not able to speak |
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Wernickes area |
Speech comprehension Damage leads to unable to understand language but can speak it |
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PET scans showing brocas and wernicke areas |
A |
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Lateralization of cortical function |
2 hemispheres make distinct contributions to brain function Left: language, math, logic, processing serial sequences Right: facial and pattern recognition, spatial, nonverbal thinking Work together using the corpus callosum |
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Evolution of cognition |
Previous believed that highly convoluted neocortex is required for advanced brain but not true In birds, no convolutions and yet have processing info in a cluster of nuclei in the pallium |
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Learning and memory: embryonic development occurs in stages |
Regulated gene expression and signal transduction determine where neurons from Neurons compete for growth supporting factors to survive Only half synapsis that form survive until adulthood Final phase-synaptic pruning |
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Neuronal plasticity |
Capacity to be Modified after birth Strengthen or weaken stimulus Autism is a disruption in activity-dependent remodeling at synapses |
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Memory |
Need neuronal plasticity Short term: via hippocampus Long term: hippocampus is linked with connections in cerebral cortex Consolidation of memory is during sleep |
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Long term potentiation (lasting increase in strength of synaptic transmission) |
Involves presynaptic neuron that releases glutamate 2 types of glutamate receptors on reviving cell (NMDA and AMPA) AMPA are stored and NMDA is blocked by Mg Receptors on postsynaptic membrane change in response to stimulus Putting in more receptors essentially |
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Establishing LTP |
2 synapses are firing simultaneously causes Mg to be released NMDA binds allowing influx of Na and Ca Ca influx triggers insertion of stored AMPA glutamate receptors into postsynaptic membrane |
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Exhibiting LTP |
Now we have more AMPA receptors that trigger depolarization Unblocks NMDA receptors More sensitive so Strong enough for action potential without input from other synapses Last a long time |
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Schizophrenia |
1% worlds pop suffer Neuronal pathways that use dopamine as a NT Schizophrenia may also alter glutamate signaling (PCP blocks glutamate receptors) |
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Depression |
2 forms: MDD and bipolar d/o 1/7 and 2x women for MDD and 1% affected in Bipolar d/o Treatment for these types of depression include drugs that increase activity of Biogenic amines in brain |
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Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
Neurons in this region Releases dopamine Targets include nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex |
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Alzheimer’s disease |
Dementia characterized by confusion and memory loss Incidence of Alzheimer’s disease increase with age Associated w neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques |
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Parkinson’s disease |
Motor disorder caused by death of dopamine secreting neurons Characterized by tremors flexed posture and shuffling gait Most cases lack cause but some genetic basis Diminished substantia nigra 1 million ppl in US and much more when older |
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Treatment of Parkinson’s |
Dopamine-related drug called L-dopa can reduce severity of Parkinson’s A potential cure may be implanting dopamine-secreting neurons into the brain |
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Huntington’s disease |
Loss of striatum (basal ganglia) Loss of motor modulation “move more” Autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in Huntington gene Late onset (30-50) and fatal within 20 years of dx |
