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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nerves |
Axons of multiple neurons bundled together Both sensory and motor grouped together Nerve channels organize info |
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Cephalization (head) |
Cluster of sensory organs at front end of body Have Central nervous system which consist of brain and longitudinal nerve cords (spinal cord in humans) |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Consist of neurons carrying info in and out of CNS |
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Ganglia |
Cluster of neurons Organization of nervous system matches lifestyle (form and function) |
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Vertebrates |
Have CNS (brain and spinal cord) PNS composed of nerves and ganglia Region specialization is a hallmark of both systems Dorsal root ganglia |
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Glia |
Numerous functions to nourish support and regulate neurons Layered organizations of glial cells 5 types: Radial glia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells Micro glial Ependymal cells
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Astrocytes |
Induce cells linings capillaries in the CNS Result in blood brain barrier Major neurons assistant Can act as stem cells |
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Radial glia |
Stem cell Sets tracks along where newly formed neurons migrate |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Form myelin sheath |
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Microglia |
Provide immune and phagocytic functions |
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Ependymal cells |
Lien ventricles and make regulate CSF |
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Organization of the nervous system |
CNS develops from dorsal nerve cord Cavity of nerve cord give rise to central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain Filled with CSF that is filtered blood that supplies CNS with nutrients and hormones and carries waste away |
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Meninges |
Three protective coverings: 1. Dura mater: tough mother, outer layer 2. Arachnoid mater: spider mother, middle layer with a lot of blood vessels 3. Pia mater: tender mother, delicate layer that touches brain material |
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Gray vs white matter |
Gray is neuron cell bodies White is bundles of axons (white due to myelinated) |
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Spinal cord |
Convey info to and from the brain and generate basic patterns of locomotion It’s only about 2 ft long Cervical, thoracic and lumbar for spine, then coccygeal cord at bottom Conus medularis: comes to a tip at the end Areas of enlargement due to sensory input and motor output |
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Cross section of spinal cord in vertebrae |
Anterior part( front) is where motor neurons exist Dorsal (back) part is incoming info for sensory neurons but the cell bodies live in the dorsal root ganglia |
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Reflex |
Body’s automatic response to a stimulus Spinal cord makes these decisions without the brain involved Knee jerk reflex to contract quad muscle if knee starts to buckle so you don’t fall |
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PNS |
Transmit info to and from CNS Regulates movement Afferent: neurons transmit information to CNS (sensory neurons) Efferent: neurons transmit information away from CNS |
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2 efferent components of PNS |
The motor system:carries signals to skeletal muscles and can be voluntary Autonomic nervous system: regulates smooth cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary The enteric nervous system: control over digestive tract, pancreas, and gall bladder |
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Sympathetic |
Regulates arousal and energy digestion (fight or flight) |
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Parasympathetic |
Returns to normal Rest and digest Promotes calling |
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Reproduction and sympathetic and parasympathetic |
Para: promotes erect ion of genitalia Sympathetic: promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions |
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Ways to look at the brain |
A |
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3 regions of vertebrate brain |
Forebrain: smell, sleep, learning, complex processing Midbrain: coordinates routing of sensory info Hindbrain: involuntary activities and motor activities |
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Evolution of brain results in a close match of |
Structure and function |
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Embryonic development of brain |
Neuraltion: neural tube gives rise to 3 parts Midbrain and hindbrain form brain stem (which joins spinal cord and base of brain ) Test of hindbrain gives rise to cerebellum (behind brain stem) |
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Brain development at 5 weeks |
Forebrain separates into telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) Midbrain becomes mescephalon Hindbrain separates into metencephalon (pons, cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) |
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Cerebrum |
Controls skeletal muscle contraction and is the center for learning, emotion, memory, and perception Outer layer is the cerebral cortex (perception, voluntary movement, and learning) |
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Cerebellum |
Coordinates movement and balance Helps in learning and remembering motor skills |
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Diencephalon contains |
Thalamus: hub, relating info between subcritical areas and the cerebral cortex (esp. sensory) Hypothalamus: control center of thermostat, bio clock Epithalamus |
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Brain stem consists of |
Midbrain: received and integrates sensory info and send it to specific regions pons: transfer info btw PNS and the midbrain and forebrain medulla: control of automatic functions such as breathing, heart and blood vessels activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion |
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Reticular formation |
Controls arousal and sleep In the midbrain and pons Brain stem filters what we should have awareness of Sleep is also regulated by bio clock and regions of forebrain that regulate intensity and duration |
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Arousal and sleep |
Essential for survival and May play role in the consolidation of learning and memory Some a simple have adaptations for sleep Bottlenose dolphins can swim while sleeping. EEG data suggest that dolphins only one side of the brain sleep at a time |
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Biological clack regulation |
Cycles of sleep and wakefulness are examples of circadian rhythms daily cycles of biological activity |
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Biological clack regulation |
Cycles of sleep and wakefulness are examples of circadian rhythms daily cycles of biological activity |
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Biological clock |
A molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression and cellular activity Typically synced with light and dark cycles |
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Suprachaismatic nucleus (SCN) |
Circadian rhythms are coordinated by a group of neurons in the hypothalamus Acts as a pacemaker synchronizing the bio clock 24 hour cyclic action potential firing Sensitive to stimulation by light via the retina Transmits info to the hypothalamus and pineal gland |
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Emotions |
Generation and experience involve many brain structures Amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus |
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Limbic system |
Structure most important to the storage of emotion in the memory is the amygdala Interaction btw these parts often require interactions btw different parts of the brain Also functions in smell, motivation, also connected to structures in forebrain Damage to amygdala and hippocampus can disrupt ability to form new memories that have emotional attachment |
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fMRI |
In past, waited til damage occurred Also used PET scans using radioactive glucose to show metabolic activity Now brain activity is changed based on oxygen levels in fMRI which can monitor migraines, stroke, brain surgery effectiveness |
