Pregnancy largely is a joyous event that represents converging maternal and fetal interests. Rarely, however, situations can lead to maternal-fetal conflict, potential fetal harm, posing unique ethical challenges and dilemmas. Maternal-fetal conflict can include a pregnant woman's refusal of recommended induction of labor or cesarean section, a pregnant woman's use of illicit substances or non-prescribed medications, or other risky behaviors, as well as a pregnant woman's non-adherence to prenatal care or recommended treatment for herself or for her fetus' medical condition, such as arrhythmia, for example. Maternal-fetal conflict is typically used to describe such ethical challenges and dilemmas for pregnant women and her fetus. However,
