Bio Psych Test 1 (Year 3) (Term 1) (

Front 1

What us bio psych

Back 1

Area of psychology that studies biological bases of behaviour

Front 2

Why do we study bio psych

Back 2

To understand how our body works and concubines to behavior including mental processes

Front 3

What are the 4 foundation areas of bio psych

Back 3

1) philosophy

2) experimental bio

3) darwins theory of natural selection and functionalism

4) experimental psych

Front 4

What is philosophy

Back 4

The study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality, knowledge and goodness as discoverable by human reasoning

Front 5

What lead to the development of scientific method

Back 5

-empiricism

-postivism

(Both schools of thought in philosophy)

Front 6

What is empiricism

Back 6

Knowledge comes from our senses (experience)

Front 7

What is positivism

Back 7

Our need to explain and predict should follow logic and inquiry

-research should be empirically observable

-testable statements should use principles of logic

Front 8

What is the foundation of all sciences

Back 8

Philosophy

Front 9

Experimental psychology

Back 9

Studying the mind using scientific methods

(Structuralism, Fuctionlism, behavoirism)

Front 10

What did Wundt do

Back 10

-Father of sttucturalism

-used introspection to study structures of the mind

Front 11

What is introception

Back 11

????

Front 12

What was functionalism and who was important in its creation

Back 12

-william James

-focused on the processed of the mind

-replaced strucuralism

Front 13

What did functiinalists focus on

Back 13

Emphasized the biological significance of mental processed in adaptation of an organism to the environment

Front 14

What was behaviourism's idea of psychology

Back 14

Psychology is an area that studied behaviour and and further reinforced the position of psychology as a science

Front 15

What did experimental psych do

Back 15

Provided the foudation of psychology as an scientific discipline, studiny heviour in a systematic way using the experimental method

Front 16

Early psychologist

Back 16

Weber and Frechner (psychophsics)

James (emtion)

Eddinghaus (memory)

Lashley and hebb (learning) w

Front 17

What is the physiological explanation

Back 17

Describes how activity of the brain and other organ systems relate to behavior

Front 18

What is ontogenetic explanation

Back 18

Describes how a structure or behavior develops

-takes account the interaction of genes with the environment in producing the final outcome

Front 19

What is the evolutionary explanation

Back 19

Describds how a structure or a beaviout evolved over the evolutionary history

Front 20

What is thr functional explanation

Back 20

Describes why a structor or behavior evolved as it did

-takes into account the adaptive significance of the structure or behavior

Front 21

Why do we use animals is psych

Back 21

Essential for learning more about the human and the animal condition

Front 22

What are the two groups of the animal defense movement

Back 22

Abolishinists

Minimalists

Front 23

What do abolishinists want

Back 23

Believe that non human animals should not be used for any reason for the benefit of humans

Front 24

What are the 2 philosophical divisions in abolishinist movement

Back 24

Utilitarian argument

Rights argument

Front 25

What is thr utilitarian argument

Back 25

Peter singer

-follows the principle of equality

-all creatures have the same stake to their existence

Front 26

What is speciesism

Back 26

Elevating our interest above other species

Front 27

What is the rights argument

Back 27

Regan and rollin

-based of the principle of rights

-inherent value

(To have rights one has to have inherent value)

(Animals do so they are entitled to fundamental rights)

Front 28

What is inherent value

Back 28

Value an animal has in itself independent if any use that it may have for others

Front 29

What do minimalists (reformers) believe

Back 29

That the use of non human animals in research may be permitted in a limited way

- believe in the cost benefit analysis

Front 30

What is the cost benefit analysis

Back 30

The benefits of the research to humans and non humans should outweigh the costs of using non human animals

Front 31

What is the mind body problem

Back 31

How the body relates to brain activity

Front 32

What is monism

Back 32

Idea that the universe consists of only 1 type of being

Front 33

What is dualism

Back 33

Mind is one type of substance and matter is another

Front 34

What structures are in animal cells

Back 34

Membrane

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Front 35

What is the membrane

Back 35

Surface of the cell that seperates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

Front 36

What is a nucleus

Back 36

Contains chromosomes

Front 37

What is a mitochondrion

Back 37

Performs metabolic activities providing energy to the cell for activites

(Different genes from the ones in the nucleus)

Front 38

What are ribosomes

Back 38

Sites in the cell that synthesize new protein molecules

Front 39

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (er)

Back 39

Network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

-contributes ti segregation of protiens

Front 40

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum (er)

Back 40

Contiams ribosomes

Front 41

What is lysosmes

Back 41

Involved in the digestive process

Front 42

What are microtubles

Back 42

Serve as a matrix or framework and transport molecules in the cell

Front 43

What are golgi apparatus

Back 43

Form of smooth er made of membrains that are wrapped in products of sensory cells

Front 44

What are 2 parts of the nervous system

Back 44

Central nervour system

Peripheral nervous system

Front 45

What cells is the nervous system made of

Back 45

Neurons

Glai

Front 46

What do neurons do

Back 46

Receive information and transmit it to other cells

Front 47

What do glai do

Back 47

???

Front 48

What do all neurons have

Back 48

Soma

Dendrities

Axons

Presynaptic terminals

Front 49

What is a soma

Back 49

Body that contains the nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria

Front 50

What are dendrites

Back 50

Branching fibers that get smaller near the end

-lined with synaptic receptors that receive information from other neurons

Front 51

What is an axon

Back 51

Thin fiber of constant diameter that convey impulses towards other neurons and organs and muscles

Front 52

What are presynaptic terminals

Back 52

At the end of axons. Act like a button

Front 53

What is the myelin sheath

Back 53

Insulating material that covers the axon

Has spaces called the nodes of Ranvier

Front 54

What is an afferent axon

Back 54

Bring information into a stucture

Front 55

What is an efferent axon

Back 55

Carries information away from a structure

Front 56

What are multipolor neurons

Back 56

Single axon

Many dendrites

Front 57

What are bipolar neurons

Back 57

Has 2 extentions

1 axon and dendrites on each side

Front 58

Unipolar neurons

Back 58

Has only 1 extension

Front 59

What is a sensory neuron

Back 59

One end is highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound)

Front 60

What is a motor neuron

Back 60

Has it soma in the spinal cord

Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle

Front 61

What is an interneuron

Back 61

A neuron that receives information from sensory neurons or interneurons and convey it to motor or interneurons

Front 62

What are the different kinds of glai

Back 62

Astroglia

Oligodendroglia

Microglia

Radial glia

Front 63

What is Astrocytes

Back 63

Star shapes that wrap around the synapses of functionally related axons

-shiled chemicals surrounding it

-helps synchronize closely related neurons allowing axons to send messages in waves

Front 64

What are Oligodendroglia

Back 64

Produce myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons in the central nevous system

Front 65

What are microglia

Back 65

Act as part of the immune system removing viruses and fungi from the brain

Front 66

What is radial glia

Back 66

Guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

Front 67

What is the blood brain barrier

Back 67

Mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the vertebrate brain

-cells are close together to block viruses

-blocks out useful chemicals as well

-glucose crossed in large amounts

Front 68

What is active transport

Back 68

Protein mediated processed that expends engery to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

Front 69

When at rest what does the membrane maintain

Back 69

Electrical gradient (polarization)

Front 70

What is polarization or electrical gradient

Back 70

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

-inside is more negative than outside

-negative charged proteins in the cell

Front 71

What is resting potential

Back 71

The difference in voltage in a cell and is the state of a neuron before it sends a nerve impulse

-measued by a microelectrode

Front 72

What happens in a membrane when it is at rest

Back 72

Sodium and potassium channels are closed

-no flow of sodium

-small flow of potassium

Front 73

What is intracellular fluid

Back 73

???

Front 74

What is extacellular fluid

Back 74

???

Front 75

What factors are involved in resting potential

Back 75

-distrubution of substances

-protiens

-potassium

-Chloride

-sodium

Front 76

2 things involved in resting potential

Back 76

Sodium potassium pump

Membrain permeability

Front 77

What is selective permeability

Back 77

Some chemicals pass through it more freely than others

Front 78

What is sodium potassium pump

Back 78

Protien complex that transports 3 sodium ions out of a cell and draws in 2 potassium ions

-is an active transport

-more sodium on outside than inside

-potassium is more concentrated in the inside than outside

Front 79

What two factors push sodium into the cell

Back 79

Electrical gradient (opposite charges attract)

Concentration gradient (difference in ion distribution) (more on outside so pushed inside)

Front 80

What is action potential

Back 80

Messages sent by axons

Front 81

What is hyperpolarization

Back 81

Increasing the polarization

The difference between the electrical charge of 2 places

Front 82

What is depolarization (hypopolarization)

Back 82

Reducing polarization towards 0

Front 83

What is threshold of excitation

Back 83

When reach threshold the membrane opens its sodium channels and let's sodium ions flow into the cell

Front 84

What happens at the peek of action potential

Back 84

Soduim channels do not open in any situation deactivated

Front 85

What is the refractory period

Back 85

Cell resists the production of future action potentials

-depends on sodium channels closed and potassium flowing out fast

Front 86

What is absolute refractory peoird

Back 86

First part when the membrane cant produce any action potential

Front 87

What is relative refactory period

Back 87

Stronger than normal stimulus is needed for action potential

-sodium channels are recovering

Front 88

What is the all or none law

Back 88

Amplitude and velocity of action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that caused it

Front 89

What is an unmyelinated nueron

Back 89

-action potential propagation by being regenerated along each point of the axon

Front 90

What is an myelinated neuron

Back 90

-Propagation happens ranvier of nodes

(Creates resistance for electrical charge)

(Conserves energy and fast)

Front 91

What is propagation of action potential

Back 91

The transmission of action potential down an axon

Front 92

What are local neurons

Back 92

Only give information to their neighbours

-dont have axon so done follow all or none law

Front 93

What is saltatory conduction

Back 93

Jumping of action potentials from node to node