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141 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Neuroimaging |
Refers to a variety of techniques for investigating the brain in both humans and animals |
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Two broad terms of nuroimaging techniques |
Structural methods - provides detailed images of the brains anatomical structure at a certain point in time Functional methods -provides information about brain activity rather than structure |
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Kindas of Structural neuroimaging |
computerized tomography (CT) -detailed images of internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood vessels Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -magnetic field and radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside of body |
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Kinds of functional neuroimaging |
☆Functional MRI (fMRI) ☆ -measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow Positron emission tomography (PET) -radiotracers, camera and computer to evaluate orgab and tissue functions SPECT -nucler neuroimaging technique that uses gamma rays NIRSI -functional imaging of brain activity through monitoring blood oxygenation and blood volume in prefrontal cortex DTI -diffusion of water molecules to determine health of white matter in brain |
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What has neuroimaging studies shown us |
That older adults activate more and different areas of the brain than younger adults do when doing the same cogntive task -older adults show activation in both the left and right prefrontal areas -younger adults show left prefrontal activity |
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HAROLD (hemisphere asymmetry reduction) |
Higher level of bilateral activities in prefrontal cortex of aging brains which demonstrate a compensatory strategy for numerous cogntive tasks -cogntive task spread out to both hemisphereand rather than a single one |
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CRUNCH (compensation related utilization of neural circuit hypothesis) |
Older brains will work harder to search for available resources to use in a particular cognitive task -more activation in older brains for easy to do tasks -equal or less activation in older adults on harder tasks |
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STAC (scaffolding theory of cogntive aging) |
Performance on various tasks of cognition is maintained due to the continuous engagement of compensatory scaffolding by the brain (recruitment of additional brain circuity) -more efficient neural circuits created to handle automatic task |
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Brain shrinkage |
Frontal cortex (prefrontal coftex), hippocampus and parietal lobes are susceptible to age related changes (shrinkage) -effects excutive functions and episodic memory -occipital lobe shows little changes |
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Executive functions |
Ser of cogntive processes that are necessary for the cognitve control of behavior -poor preference of executive functions related to decrease volume in prefrontal cortex -decreases in hippocampus related to deficits in episodic memory |
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What factors contribute to the reduction of brain volume |
- Neuronal shrinkage -Loss of glial cells (support and procet neuroms) -Reduction of myelination (axon being covered in fatty coating) -decrease in white matter volume -changes in neurotransmitters |
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Changes in neurotransmitters |
Dopamine - declines related to short term and working memory declines Serotonin -changes in processing associated cogntive decline in normal again and dementia Acetylcholine -associated with alzheimers but decreases are not consistently found in normal again |
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Cogntive reserve |
Factors help maintain cogntive functioning in the risk of accumulating brain pathology -developed after studies showed there is not always a perfect correlation between brain damage and congtive abilities -two people with similar levels of brain pathology can show different levels of function |
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Cogntive reserve factors |
Education (best way to measure) Complex work experiences Active lifestyle Bilingualism -is associated with better executive functions and decreased risk of Alzheimer's |
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Index of cogngive reserve (ICR) |
Self report tool to fully assess experiences and actives across lifespan ICR standard components -educational attainment, primary occupation and participation in activies as measures ICR detailed components -highest level of education combined with number of training courses, last occupation, participation in social/ intellectual activities -strongly minimized age related effects of congtion |
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Sensory memory |
Storing information perceived through our senses 5 kinds (one for each sense) -iconic memory (visual) -echoic memory (sound) -tactile memory (touch) Lasts only a few seconds (200 to 500 ms) Not strongly affected by age Attention takes info from senroy to short term |
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Short term/ working memory |
Temporarily hold information while we use it to solve problems, make decision, learn new info
Lasts 20 seconds
Involves mental manipulation of information and consolidation, transfer of information to long term memory (rehersal)
Affected by age |
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Two slave systems of working memory of Baddeley's model |
Episodic buffer -hold info from phonological loop (auditory) and visuospatial sketchpad (visual and spacial info) and a form of long term memory
Central excitive (boss) -controls and coordinates the other 3 components of working memory -key contributor to age related decline |
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Long term memory |
Store large amount of information for indefinite periods of time
Process of consolidation that involves rehearsal and creating meaningful associations |
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Two kinds of long term memory |
Episodic memory -stores personally experienced information about events -declines due to normal deficiencies in encoding, storage and retrieval
Semantic memory -responsible for information about the world -changes little with age -with normal age comes difficulty retrieving info that is otherwise accessible (tip of tounge phenomenon) More deficits on free recall than recognition |
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Trail making test (assess working memory) |
A trials -connect sequence of 25 numbers distributed on a sheet of paper
B trials -similar to A but person has to alternate between numbers and letters
Time to complete tasks increased with age and fewer years of education |
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Digit span tasks (working memory) |
Serious of digits are read out loud and participants much repeat them back -forward (9 digets) or backwards (8 digets)
Age affects scores
Simple snap tasks show smaller age differences than complex tasks |
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Tip of the tounge phenomena |
Experience of being unable to produce a name or world despite the experience of feeling confident of your knowledge of the name or world -more frequent in older adults |
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3 kinds of attention |
Selective -ability to attend to some stimuli and disregarding others that are irrelevant at the time
Divided -allocation of attention resources to coordinate performance for more than 1 task at a time
Sustained -maintain concentration on a task over an extended period |
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Stoop task (selective attention) |
Individuals are asked to name the colour of the font of the word (not what it says) -age related changes in color perception can contribute to difference observed with age |
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Dual task paradigm (divided attention) |
Participate has to perform two or more tasks at the same time or process two or more sources of information -older adults are more affected by division of attention (expcially when tasks are high demanding) |
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Mockworth clock task (sustained attention) |
Participants required to monitor the movment of pointer on a clock like device to detect double jumps -no difference in performance with age -difference on more complex tasks |
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Language over lifespan |
Vocabulary tends to maintain or accumulate over lifespan due to Semantic knowledge
There are some age related decline -word finding difficulty -complexity of sentences -how they are talked to |
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Word finding difficulty |
Tip of the tongue states
Most common age related changes
Leads to circumlocutions |
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Transmission deficit hypothesis (TDH) |
Mental connection linking an idea to its phonology is very important in thr process of linking an idea to the world
-if links are broken the individual will be able to retrieve the idea but not word
-link are maintained by frequent and regular use |
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Circumlocutions |
Roundabout way of speaking in which the person uses more words than necessary to express an idea |
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Complex sentences |
With age comes less complex sentences using subordinate, embedded and left branching clauses and less sentences rich in prepositions -due to decreases in working memory
Left brching clauses is where there is a delay between the association of subject and the predicate (taxes working memory) |
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What are the two patterns of communicating with older adults |
Under accommodation (creates social isolation) -other person fails to consider how normal age related changes affect speaking and listening
Over accommodation (discourage from participating in conversation) -other person relies on negative stereotypes to guide communication |
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Elderspeak (secondary baby talk) |
Over accommodation and type of speech used with other adults Slow rate of speaking, exaggerated intonation, simplified vocabulary and grammar, high pitch Those in nursing homes report being less insulted by elderspeak than community dwelling individuals |
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What are the two main training programs for cognition |
Cogntive training programs -directed practice of specific cogntive tasks Cogntive stimulation programs -designed to increase general cogntive functioning Evidence that these programs work are inconsistent as concern that claims of effectiveness are exaggerated |
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Why are finding mixed for cogntive training |
The methods, duration, dose vary across studies This makes making general conclusions difficult to reach |
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ACTIVE study |
Show the transfer of improved cogntive functioning to improvements in daily functioning Most well known cogntive training programs in US Transfer of training issue |
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Health factors that may contribute to cogntive prevention |
Participation in regular physical activity show less decline in cogntive abilities Mediterranean diet (olive oil) -improved global cogntive and memory Medication -not over medication (leads to confusion and congtive decline) Significant alcohol abuse and cause dimentia Eating healthy and exercing can positively affect congtive functioning |
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Psychometric approach to intelligence |
Assumes that intelligence is somthing that can be measured Spearman G intelligence -all mental tests measure a global element of intellectual ability -general intelligence is the foundation of other mental abilities |
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Primary mental abilities |
Thurstone argued that G was a statistical artifact Intelligence consists of 7 primary abilities organized into clusters of secondary mental abilities (fluid and crystallized intelligence) |
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What is fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence (horn and cattell argued that G should be divided into these two) |
Fluid intelligence -intellectual abilities needed for problem solving in novel situations -pattern recognition, abstract reasoning and problem solving -measured by perceptual reasoning index -influenced by biology so subject to age decline Crystallized intelligence -individuals accumulated skills, knowledge and life experiences -influenced by culture -measured by verbal comprehensive index -come from experiences so develop with age |
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Classic aging pattern |
Developmental trend in which crystallized intelligence increases with age while fluid intelligence decline with age However there is no uniform pattern of age related decline in intelligence |
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Cattell Horn Caroll (CHC) Model of intelligence |
Three stratum strucgure of intelligence 1st) induction, numerical facility, visualization 2nd) fluid and crystallized intelligence 3rd) G Is the most comprehensive and empirically supported psychometric theory |
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Mutiple intelligences |
Grander outlined 8 types of intelligence that are not all focused on book smarts -interpsonal intelligence -musical intelligence -kinesthetic intelligence |
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Cogntive epidemiology |
A field of research that investigates the relationship between intelligence and health -IQ scores are a predictive marker for mortality |
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Lower IQ scores |
Associated with elevated cardiovascular disease, obesity and stroke Experience disadvantages all through life |
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Factors associated with maintenance of intelligence |
Average or higher socio economic status Stimulating environments High intellectual spouse Social connections High levels if perceptual processing speed Personality (postive beliefs, flexible attitude, openness) |
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Premorbid functioning and terminal drop |
Premorbid functioning -how a person was functioning before the Onset of physical or emotional illness Terminal drop -rapid decline in cognitive functioning just prior to death |
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Additional thinking stage on Piaget's formal operations stage |
Post- formal (emerges in adulthood) -grearer tolerance for ambiguity and incorporation of emotion into thinking -expect ambiguity when seeking correct answers which is based on the situation |
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Reflective judgment model 3 levels of thinking (7 assumptions about the process of knowing and how knowing is acquired) |
Pre reflective (stages 1-3) -belief that knowledge gained through first hand observation has complete certainty Quasi reflective (stages 4 and 5) -realization that knowledge can be quite subjective and has measure of uncertainty Reflective (stages 6 and 7) -recognize that knowledge claims can't be made with certainty |
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Personal wisdom |
Knowledge is gained through experience Components Cogntjve -aware of postive and negative aspects of human nature reflective -self reflect on events from multiple viewpoints
affective -includes empathy, social connectedness and generactivity |
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General Wisdom |
The body of ideas or explanations generally accepted as true by the public or by experts in a field Life in general |
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Wisdom and culture |
Spirituality is an attribute to wise people
Western -defintions of wisdom exclude spirituality |
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Wisdom and age |
Research does not always support a consistent relationship between age and wisdom -no single definition of wisdom so it makes measuring wisdom difficult |
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Definition of personality |
Usually described in terms of traits (characteristic ways of behaving, thinking and feeling) Can show different personality states in specific situations |
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Measuring personality change (2 ways) |
Mean level change -compares mean levels of a variable across two or more points in time
Rank order consistently -stability of an individuals rank order within a certain group over time |
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Big 5 model |
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeablness Conscientiousness
First 3 were the original 3 which we measured by NEO personality Inventory |
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What did McCare and Costa argue |
That personality change will happen before 30 and then remain relatively stable (young adulthood is important phase in development of personality)
Led to the hard plaster hypotheses
-may see changes happening later as there are now delayed milestones in younger generation cohorts |
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Personality and mean level changes |
Personality continues to change into older adulthood even if it's not as dramatic as before 30
Personality is not set like paster by age 30 but rather dynamic over time |
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Maturity principle |
Individuals become more agreeable and emotionally stable, more conscientious and less neurotic with age
-successful in professional, personal lives, health and live longer |
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Robert's modified FFM |
Divided extraversion into social dominance (self confidence) and social vitality (sociability)
Saw small levels of changes in agreeablness, consciousness and openness to experience past age 40 |
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Rank order stability trends |
Rank order stability tends to linearly increase from childhood to older adulthood |
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Intra individual change |
Refers to changes that happen at an individual level as opposed to changes that happen at thr group level -children who change very little over life tend to be individuals who already high levels of traits in maturity principle |
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What accounts for personality change across lifespan |
Biological essentials perspective -genetics is central (accounts 40-60% of differences) Contextualist perspective -emphasize role of environment Correspondence principle -influenced by active choices me make (Put ourselves in situations that strengthen personality) Interactional model -considers both the person and environment |
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Gender difference in personality |
Higher levels of neuroticism and agreeablness among older women than men -gap in agreeeablness closes in the middle age category (70-79) and is no longer significant oldest old (80-92) Traits of neuroticism and extrverson are negatively related only in men after 70 and agreeablness was positivity related to extroversion Widest gap between men and women in middle age category (70-79) for openness and neuroticism Few difference between men and women in all age groups for conscientiousness and extroversion |
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Chinese personality inventory (CPAI) |
Includes factors of dependability, accommodation, interpersonal relatedness and social potency
Interpersonal relatedness (harmony) is not related to any other NEO PI R factors
Openness to experience is not related to CPAI factors meaning its more important to western cultures -cultureal difference in meaning of openness |
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McCare study suggests about culture |
Across 50 different ethnic groups all of the big five factors were found in most ethnic groups examined but not all Difference in traits themselves and issues using self report measures in different languages may account for cultural difference |
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Type A personality |
Tend to be work oriented, driven, competitive, hostile and easily angered Initial studies showed strong relationship between type A and cardiovascular risk -more recent studies found less evidence (weak to 0 correlation) |
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Conscientiousness and health |
Conscientiousness is the best predictor of mortality -Low levels of conscientiousness associated with higher mortality
High levels decreased thr probability of diagnoses of stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes and arthritis
Low conscientiousness increases vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease |
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Neuroticism and health |
High levels associated with higher risk of developing diseases such as lung disease, high blood pressure, arthritis
Linked to the development of depression which is also associated with Alzhimer's
Low neuroticism increased resilience to Alzheimer's |
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Conscientiousness and Neuroticism with unhealthy behaviors |
Lower levels of conscientiousness and higher levels of neuroticism have each been linked to unhealthy behaviors alcohol abuse, smoking, physical inactivity and obesity |
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Big five factors and Alzheimer's disease |
Individuals with scores in top quartile of neuroticism or in the lowest quartile of conscientiousness had a threefold risk of incident Alzheimer's disease |
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Can personality be changed through direct intervention |
Personality is malleable through intervention Jackson et al (2012) -16 weeks of congtive training increased openness to experience in older adults Krasner et al (2009) -mindfulness training increased agreeablness, empathy, conscientiousness and emtional stability in medical students |
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Sigmund frued (understanding personality) |
Personality is complete by adolescence
Unconscious is decided into 3 parts 1) Id (demands immediate gratification and focuses on pleasure principles) 2) ego (Decision making component and focuses on reality principle) 3) superego (Moral aspect)
Personality and Behavior is the outcome of internal conflict between these 3 parts
Defense mechanisms help us manage the anxiety for underlying unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that drive us to act |
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Carl Jung (understanding personality) |
Frist theorist to posit that personality can change into adulthood
Developed concepts of extraversion and introversion -younger individuals more extroverted because need to establish career and mate
Developed concepts of feminine and masculine aspects of personality -when young we only show 1 side (gender specific roles) and as we age and become relaxed we show hidden self (both)
Broke from frued in 1912 with his publication of THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS |
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Erik Erikson (understanding personality) |
Provided the first widely accepted theory of personality development over lifespan
Develops in organized, stage life fashion -each stage the individual has a crisis they must navigate to successfully master stage
Emphasized role of culture and environment play important role |
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Intimacy vs isolation (Erikson stage) |
Early adulthood (21 to 39 year) When young adults become interested in developing more meaningful friendships and romantic relationships |
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Generactivity vs stagnation |
Middle age adult (40 to 65 years)
Individuals who develop generactivity are concerned with giving back to family and community
High levels of generactivity are associated with more meaningful and satisfactory social relationships and greater psychological well being
Is positively associated with all big 5 traits except neuroticism
Elder service corps provide structured opportunities to foster generactivity |
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Process of Generactivity |
Symbolic immortality combined with societal expectations produce a conscious concern for the next generation
Belief in overall goodness motivates generative commitment
Leads to action -creating -maintaining -offering
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Loyola generactivity scale |
Assess individual differences in generactivity Adults with sound generative concerns report more meaningful and satisfactory social relationships and stronger feelings of community attachment |
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Ego integrity vs despair (Erikson stage) |
Older adult (65+) Examining both the good and bad aspects of your life and trying to find meaning in your life story -leads to wisdom Resolving regret in mid life predicted higher levels of ego integrity in later life |
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Life review |
Cogntvie process that occurs during late adulthood which not only involves remembering and renewing past events but also involves dealing with emotional side effects of these events -older adults williningness to remember and review the past influences success or failure in achieving ego integrity |
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Self examination interview |
Identifies older adults who have not reached intergrated stage of integrity Facilitates the development of effective interventions aimed at helping older adults fine rewarding and meaningful integration of their past experiences |
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Narrative identity |
McAdams argues that we have an internalized and ever changing story about ourselves Aim of this identity is to provide a sense of unity, purpose, and meaning to an individuals life Shows personal growth as life narratives become more complex over a period of time Middle aged adults have more complex and postivie tone than younger adults Affected by culture -created by accepting and personalizing stories given to you through culture |
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Midlife crisis (40 to 45 men) |
Describe the turmoil many people feel in middle age when they realize that they have likely more life behind them than they do infront
Might be better understood in terms of roles, life experiences, and timing of events in a person's life rather than chronological age
Not a predictable occurrence (10 to 20 people experience it in a study) -some say mid life is best time |
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Who experiences mid life crisis |
People with high levels of neuroticism -result from some underlying pathology rather than aging Sandwich generation -middle age adults who have to care for children and aging parents |
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Personality disorders (6 out of 10 people) |
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of culture
-behavior must be inflexible and pervasive in a wide range of social and personal situations
Must be distressful, stable, long duration and traceable back to early adolescence or young adulthood Affect relationships, and have more depression, anxiety and mental health issues |
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3 kinds of clusters of personality disorders |
Cluster A -includes paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders -people are seen as odd or eccentric
Cluster B -borderline, antisocial, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders -seen as dramatic, emotional and erratic
Cluster C -dependent, avoidant and obsessive compulsive -seen as fearful and anxious |
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Prevalence of personality disorders |
Varied across socio demographic groups -personality disorders higher in those who are divorced or high school drop out
Narcissistic and histrionic disorders are relatively rare
Obsessive compulsive and avoidant are most common
With age comes declines -less often or less severe -prominent in cluster C |
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Mortality and personality disorders |
Impulsively and erratic behaviors associated with antisocial and borderline personality disorders lead to higher mortality rates |
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DSM 5 |
Classifications systems don't include older adults when developing diagnostic criteria -leads to over and under diagnosis Perhaps featurs of personality disorders change with age |
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Personality disorders and health |
Relationship between personality disorders and sleep disturbance, obesity, chronic pain, headaches and substance use disorders High risk of developing heart disease and stomach disorders and high blood pressure Personality disorders associated with increasef Healthcare use and decreased health related quality of life amoung middle aged adults |
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Living arrangements |
Refer to the type of household an individual lives in |
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Household |
A person or group of persons who occupy the same dwelling and do not have a usual place of residence elsewhere in Canada |
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Private dwelling (92%) |
A separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside the building or a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building |
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Collective dwelling |
A dwelling used for commercial, institutional or communal purpose (8%) |
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Supportive housing |
Type of housing that helps individuals in their daily living through the provision of a physical environment that is safe, secure, enabling and home like -assisted living |
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What factors affect household type |
Health status (illnesses and disabilities can trigger a change in living arrangements) Age ☆ Marital status ☆ Sex ☆ Income Functional abilities |
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Marital status |
In 2011 56% of people over 65 lived as a couple with 72% of men and 44% of women
With increasing age the number of individuals living as a couple decreases |
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Collective dwelling |
Probability of living in a collective dwelling increases with age -greater number of older females living in collective than older males across age ranges
Increasing age and being widowed sever as triggers for older women to move into a collective dwelling |
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Living alone |
Older women living alone starts increasing at age 55 with percentage increasing sharply for older women between 70 and 85 followed by decline
Percentage of men aged 65 to 85 and older living alone increases somewhat but not nearly as much as that of same aged older women |
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Illness and living arrangements |
Strong association between age and illness -The perception of the population aged 65 and over living in long term care facilities increases age -less than 5% 65 to 70 lived in long term care facilities |
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Illness and living arrangements |
Strong association between age and illness -The perception of the population aged 65 and over living in long term care facilities increases age -less than 5% 65 to 70 lived in long term care facilities |
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Chronic care and long term care hospitals |
Establishments that proivde continuous medical, nursing and professional Healthcare supervision for long term patients who are dependent in all activities of daily living and are unable to perform most or all personal care tasks |
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Residences for senior citizens |
Provide support services (meals, housekeeping, medication supervision, bathing) and supervision for residents 65 years of age and older who are independent in most activities of daily living |
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Home ownership and age |
Quickly rises with age up to age 40 and then climbs at a slower place
Reaching plateau at a plateau at age 65
Change very little between ages 65 and 74 and start to decline from age 75 |
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Home buyer's plan |
Program that allows an individual to withdraw up $25,000 in a calender year from their registered retirement savings plan to buy or build a home for themselves or for a related person with disability
-must be first time home buyer |
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Canada mortgage and housing corporation (CMHC's) programs and financial assistance |
Offers financial assistance for new affordable housing -to upgrade existing housing that may be in need of renovationand or accessibility modifications And provide rent subsides for individuals and families in need |
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Federal Government RRAP |
Provides financial assistance to first nation's owning residential properties for a certain of a self contained secondary or garden suite |
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Veterans independence program |
Helps veterans with war injuries and disabilities remain independent and self sufficient in their home and community |
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Affordable housing program (IAH) |
Gives individual provincial and territorial governmenta in Canada the flexibility to provide affordable housing programs that meet community housing needs |
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Reverse mortgages |
Loans that allow homeowners 55 years of age and older to borrow against the equity in their home, which is the portion of the the homes value that is debt free in exchange for offering the home as collateral |
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Refinancing an existing mortgage |
Renegotiating the terms of one's mortgage to lower monthly payments and free up some cash |
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Home equity loan |
A loan that is a single lump sum payment based on the equity in your home |
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Aging in place |
Remaining living in the community with some level of independence rather than in residential care
Arises from an interaction of personal competence and environment (competence- environmental press) |
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Age friendly world/ city |
Place that enables people of all ages to activity participant in community activities
Optimizes opportunities for health, participation and security to enhance quality of life as people age
Policies, services and structures related to physical and social environment are designed to help older adults age activity |
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competence- environmental press |
Modal of stress and adaption where adaptive functions depend on the interaction between external demands and an individuals competence to meet demands
-optimal fit happens when individuals abilities are consistent with the demands of their environment |
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Baltes and Baltes SOC model |
At all stages of human development, indi manage their lives succ through 3 processes
1) selection -refers to an individual focusing attention on fewer, more important goals
2) optimization -aquire new skills to manage their limitations
3) compensation -hiring a house keeper to maintain a given level of functioning |
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Environmental gerontology |
Seeks to describe and explain the relationship between older people and their socio spatial surroundings |
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Autonomy |
Active participation in one's own well being hinges in part on the belief that one is capable of having some control over one's own successful functioning within one's particular environment |
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Seterotypes |
Implementation of home adaptations by older adults is affected by stigmiatization
Adoption of adaptations also may be perceived as reinforcement of one of the negative stereotypes of aging |
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Gerontechnology |
Field that links existing and developing technologies to the aspirations and needs of aging adults
-they are open go technologies -concerned about privacy and who has access to information
Smart environments -increasing role in supporting older adults to remain independent in their own homes longer |
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Ecological model aging |
Stresses the importance of the balance between environmental demans and individuals capabilities |
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Who looks after housing |
Primarily within the jurisdiction of provincial and territorial governments -certain federal government departments and agencies have programs (veterans) |
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Mainstream housing |
Includes the housing that older adults have occupied their working lives as well as housing for older adults who downsize to condominiums or rental appertments
-housing and condos |
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Independent living accommodation |
Designed to accommodate older adults in need of minimal assistance with their daily living activities
Adult lifestyle communities -combine accommodation with recreational facilities and amenities
Rental or freehold (property is owned for an unlimited period) |
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Assisted living accommodation |
Intended for older adults who require more personalized levels of service (where more ADL support is needed like cooking)
Consists of rental units within an apartment building/ complex that is a retirement residence
Includes on and off site persinal care services and recreational activities
Simualr to independent living communities but need help with more daily tasks |
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Long term care accommodation |
Individuals who can no longer live independently and who require 24 hour care and supervision
Improve quality of remaining life
nursing homes, continuing care facilities, long term care facilities and hospitals -range from $900- $5000 Not included under Canada health act so It is not available to all Canadians on a universal basis or publicly insured service (not fully paid for) |
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Garden suite (independent living) |
Granny flat , coach or carriage house or fonzie suite
Is a self dwelling until without a basement that is installed in the rear side of yard of an existing permanent single family home |
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Nursing homes (long term) |
Provides housing, support, and direct care to frail seniors who are unable to function independently
Many services including medical care
Nurses and other Healthcare 24/7
Short term recovery and full-time care
Memory care |
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Home care services |
Assistance with daily living
Home delivered meals, transportation, personal care, medical care, home maintenance, financial management
Can help individuals with long term health conditions stay in home
Additional options -Home modification -moving in with family |
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Adult day programs |
Consist of daycare in a service facility with a focus on assessment and treatment
Allows clients to remain living independently on their own homes longer and reduce their use of emergency room and in patient services
Includes recreational activities, physiotherapy, occupational theory and social work
CHOICE program |
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Continuing care facilities |
Hospitals with continuing care beds and residential care facilities commonly known as nursing homes, personal care homes, long term care facilities |
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Long term care facilities |
Facility that provides a range of Healthcare services from periodic assistance to regular nursing care for elderly |
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Long term care facilities ratings |
Residents do seem to have good quality of life -high levels of privacy, relationships with staff, good quality food, and some measure of autonomy over decision making Affection and romance related as low |
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Person centered care approach |
Aims to see the person as an individual rather than focusing on the person's illness or other abilities that they have lost -still a gap |
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Long term care insurance |
Intended to pay for expenses due to some for of disability -cover costs of home care, assisted living, adult daycare, respite care, hospital care, Alzheimer's care facilities and nursing home Based on age, health and type of coverage |
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3 kinds of long term care insurance |
Reimbursement policies Indemnity policies Income policies |
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Green care farm |
Combines agricultural activities with care services Allows older adults to live independently and to participate in society as long as possible 24 hour nursing Allows for more active engagement and more social interaction, outside activities, domestic activities, and less engagement in purposeless activities |
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Hogewey dementia village |
20 km from Amsterdam Village is complete with shops, restaurants, movie theater Around thr clock care from nurses fressed in street clothes |
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Preschools and nursing homes |
Designed to counterbalance the loneliness and boredom that characterizes life in nursing facilities |
