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153 Cards in this Set
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Personality |
The study of individual differences for identifying ways in which people are similar and different -explains how thry become that way -similar attributes= similar behavior -different attributes = different behavior |
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Psychological qualities of personality |
Qualities that contribute (influence) to an individuals enduring (consistent) and distinctive (differentiate individuals) patterns of feeling, thinking and behaving |
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What are personality models two functions |
Description -describe the ways people are similar and different from one another (trait terms) Prediction -set of ideas for predicting future behavior |
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Barnum effect |
Cogntive bias that occurs when individuals believe that generic personality descriptions and statements apply to themselves -is so general that it can be applied to everyone |
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Traits |
Typical ways of thinking, feeling and acting in various situations at different times |
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Traits are |
Used to describe personality Influenced by the interaction of physiology and environment Relatively stable Expressed in diverse ways |
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Structural components |
Represent stable, enduring aspects of personality -stable over time -building blocks or units of analysis of personality theories - represented by traits -goals, I'd, self esteem, neural responses |
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Genetics |
Study of how genes and environment affect personality and behavior -specific inherited personality characteristics and potentialities (expressed in person depending on environment) |
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How are people's genetic determinants of personality reflected in an individuals |
Temperament Emotions Genes and molecule biology |
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Temperament |
Biologically based emotional and behavioral tendencies present in infancy and early childhood that form building blocks of adult personality |
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Emotions |
Seven basic emotions have large genetic components |
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Genes and molecular biology |
Specific parts of the gene that are responsive to nervous system development that effect behavior |
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Neuroscience |
Study of how brain and CNS affect personality by studying -bodily responses (heart rate) -brain structure and activity (EEG) -biochemical activity (neurotransmitters) |
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Process components (3 processes on before slide) |
Are the dynamic or motivational components of personality that change over relatively brief or extended periods of time -explain rapid dynamic flow of motivation emotion and action -drive behavior |
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3 categories of process components (1) |
Pleasure or hedonic motives -people are motivated by pursuit of pleasure or the avoidance of pain Ex. Psychodynamic thoeires |
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3 categories of process components (2) |
Growth or self actualization motives -peoples attempts to grow a number of ways and realize their potential even at the costs of increased tension Ex. Humanistic theories |
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3 categories of process components (3) |
Cogntive motives -people are motivated to understand, predict and explain their own ans other people's behavior Ex. cognitive models of behavior |
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Growth and development |
Explains personality development across life span |
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Two explanatory challenges of personality development |
Normative development -describing and explaining developmental patterns experienced by most people (differences in mean level)
Individual differences -understand developmental factors contributing to Individual differences (rank level differences) |
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Early personality development ideas focused on nature nurture debate but recent work looks at |
- genes and environment interaction and the weight attached to these factors -developmental factors influencing personality -epigenetics
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Epigenetics |
Phenotypic changes in terms of gene expression in the absence of changes in DNA sequence -environmental influences induce changes in stable epigenetic states that regulate gene expression and complex neural functions |
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Epigentic mechanisms |
Are molecular events that govern the way the environment regulates the genomes of organisms -leads to individual differences in appearance, physiology, cognition and behavior |
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Example study of Epigentic |
WW 2 the siege of leningrad and Dutch Hunger Winter -famine during Prenatal period lead to smaller babies who had increased insulin resistance (impared glucose tolerance) -showed reduced DNA methylation (CH3) |
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Two kinds of environmental factors |
Macro Micro |
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Macro factors |
Through enculturation and socialization processes people learn the behavior, rituals and beliefs of their class, group, sub group or family -these behaviors, rituals and beliefs reflect the religious, philosophical and political beliefs of their class |
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Micro factors? |
How do family relationships parenting styles and peer groups influence personality |
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Development and family relations |
Parental influences on personality development work through
Modeling effects -parental behavior creates reactions to ans responses from children
Level of maternal sensitivity
Dimensions that underlie parenting style -acceptance and rejection -warm loving and cold rejecting |
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Examples of non shared environmental influences |
Modeling effects Level and type of attachment Level of maternal sensitivity Parenting style |
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Development and peer influence |
Contribute to non shared environmental influence by socializing peer group members outside the home -peers generate normative expectations about how age based peers are supposed to behave (social influence effects) |
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Evolutionary forces |
Development of behavior and traits that are adaptive to the environment and that facilitate survival -how personality attributes may have evolved through natural selection |
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What does heyes (2010) propose (read slides) |
That cognitive mechanics like imitation, mentalizing, empathy and language are not inherit to humans. Are the result of cultural factors that shape the development of such processes -tools make cognitive structures more accessible than others |
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Self and identity |
Personal sense of who one is -self concept -self esteem -social identity |
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Why is the concept of self important |
Explains why our personality and others appear intergrated and whole instead of a fragmented sense of self
Phenomenological self
Explains why we think we know about who we are (self schema) |
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Phenomenological self |
Our subjective sense of self A sense of who we are as invidividuals |
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Intrapsychic foundations |
Examination of conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings -psychoanalytic theory (frued) -psychodynamic thoeies (noe freudians) -uncounscious motivations -defence mechanisms -attachments |
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Two interrelated questions raised by the psychodynamic perspective |
1) to what degree do unconscious compared to conscious processes influence thoughts, behaviors and emotions
2) why is that an important question -inflcue of past on present and future behavior -adresses how the past, present and future behaviors are studied -how much weight should be given to such events that happen in the past |
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Why are these two questions important |
Answers to both questions influence -how is personality studied -what aspects of personality functions are to be studied -what interpretations are to be made for conscious behaviors (signs vs samples) -what casual factors are unconscious behaviors |
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Signs vee samples |
? |
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Inttistically motivated |
Feelings of free choice and adjustment Personal competence Connections to other Conscious and unconscious environmental responses |
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Self determination theory |
Draws on humanistic principles that emphasize the desire to grow, develop and bring about postive self change |
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What are the 3 basic needs that bring postive self change |
Autonomy -must be free to make choices
Competence -need to feel skilled, achieve mastery at skill level appropriate tasks -feel effective and able to expand abilities
Relatedness -meaningful relationships with others, reciprocal relatedness, feeling inter connected
(When these 3 r ment people are intristically motivated (self determined) and happy to participate in activities) |
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Cogntive foundations |
Difference in how we process information about the causes of events and outcome in their lives. These differences influence -future expectations -emotions accociated with anticipated outcomes -loss of control, learned helplessness, optimism- pessimism |
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What are the 4 structural concepts in social cogntive theory |
1) personal goals (goal expectations) 2) competencies and skills (self efficacy expectations) 3) expectancies and beliefs (outcome expectations) 4) behavioral standards (self directed criteria) |
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LOTS |
Life data (99%) -info from a person life history or life record (school grades)
Observer data (89%) -info from knowledgeable observers (parents)
Test data (86%) -info from experimental studies and standardized tests
Self report data (100%) -info from the person (questionnaires) |
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Advantages of self reports |
Convenient Easy to obtain Easy to score Reliability and validity can be established |
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Limitations of self reports |
People may be unaware of their psychological characteristics
People are motivated to present themselves in a postive light |
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Triangulation |
Combination of data to create a comprehensive understanding and confidence in research findings Data overlapped -LOTS |
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Nomothetic method (fixed) |
Same measures are given to all participants, responses scored in thr same way -means law -ranks and comparisons |
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Nomothetic method advantages |
Removes research from the realm of philosophical speculation
Provided empirical evidence
Construct validity and reliability of measures needs to be demonstrated |
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Idiographic method (flexible) |
Some traits are unique to an individual -Reflects clinical approach -root word meaning idiosyncratic -cant be compared -tait in two people can differ in connotation or importance -allows people to describe themselves in own words |
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Correlation coefficient |
Measures the relationship between two variables -postive (both up) - negative (one up other down)
Magnitude -small (0 to 3, 0 to -3) -medium (3 to 5, -3 to -5) -large (5 to 9, - 5 to -9) |
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Variable relations |
First causes second
Second causes first
Other variable cause both variables |
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Typologies |
Personality is repsented by distinct and discontinuous categories -gender |
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4 typologies proposed by hippocrates and Galen |
Choleric (irritable) Melancholic (depressed) Sanguine (optimistic) Phlegmatic (calm) -come for the 4 basic elements |
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What are Sheldon's 3 body types |
1) endomotphs -rounded/ soft -viscerotonic (relaxed, comfortable, extovered)
2) mesomorphs -square/ muscular -somotonic (active, dynamic, assertive, aggressive)
3) ectomorphs -thin/ fine boned -cerebrotonic (introverted, thoughtful, sensitive) |
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Quantitative vs qualitative |
The difference between people is quantitative rather than qualitative. -people differ as to how much of a trait is incorporated in their personality |
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Personality hierarchy |
Traits can be organized into hierarchy that ranges from specific behaviors at the lowest level to global and abstract trait structures at the highest level |
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The trait concept |
Traits refer to consistent pattering of distinctive behaviors, feelings and thoughts -consistency (traits describe regularity in behavior) -distinctiveness (individual difference) |
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What are the 3 functions of all trait theories |
1) description ☆ -traits summarize what the person is typically like (trait taxonomy: list of trait terms)
2) prediction ☆ -about everyday behaviors and the strength of a trait
3) explanation -why is this happening -traits are inhereited biological factors which determins individual differences |
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Where do trait taxonomies come from |
Theoretical -begjns with observations and hunches of what traits exist and go together
Lexical -explores a particular language and identifies triat terms
Measurement -use measurement techniques to discover personality dimensions |
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Example of theoretical (Eysenck personality theory) |
Started with theories of hippocrates and Galen and Carl Jung
Proposed two super traits that combines these personalities -introversion and extroversion -emotionality and stability |
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Example of theoretical model (interpersonal circle) |
Wiggins argues core personality traits influence interpersonal life
Two dimensions -dominace and love -cold hearted (communion)/ warm agreeable -dominace (agency)/ submissive |
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What was the first lexical approach |
Allport -diffrrnetiated between personality traits, temporary states and activities -traits are units of personality based in nervous system
4506 trait terms of personality |
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Allport 3 different personality traits |
Cardinal traits - express dispositions that are so pervasive that virtually every act is traceable to it
Central traits -5 to 7 traits that reflect more limited ranges of situations
Secondary disposition (attitudes) -traktd that thr are least obvious, generalized and consistent |
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Factor analysis (measurement approach) |
Statistical technique that mathematically identifies meaningful underlying relationships amoung a set of correlated variables |
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Factor analysis steps |
Collect data Look at the pattern of correlations among the answers to different questions (items) -doesnt answer why the responses are related
Computer organizes item correlations into clusters of items (factors) that are similarly correlated
When all correlations are accounted for the process
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Factors in factor analysis |
High and positively correlated items are placed in first factor
Weakly or negative items correlated with items in the first factor but instead correlated between themselves are placed in second factor |
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Three factor theory (Eysenck) PEN model |
Introversion - extroversion
Emotional stability - Neuroticism
Psychoticism -captures abnormal qualities in relatively normal individuals
Measured by Eysenck Persinality Inventory (EPI)
Additional narrow traits Sub facets |
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What Is psychoticism |
Reflects aggressiveness, lack of empathy, interpersonal coldness, ego centrist and anti social behavior |
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Bandwidth fidelity issue |
? |
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Construct validity for the big 5 rests on factor analysis of 3 types of data |
1) lexicon studies analysis of trait terms in the natural language 2) cross cultural research 3) Q data |
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What is Q data |
Relationships between questionnaires that assess the big 5 in other questions |
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Know |
Big 5 are necessary for a taxonomy or description of individual differences |
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Lexical studies |
Individual rate themselves on a variety of traits sampled from a dictionary
Ratings are factor analyzed to find out how many factors are needed to understand the corrections between trait ratings
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The big 5 (OCEAN) |
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness |
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Fundamental lexical hypothesis |
The most important individual difference in human transactions will come encoded as single terms in some or all the world's languages |
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NEO personality inventory revised (personality questionnaires) |
Measures 5 factors and 6 narrower facets (small components that make up big 5)
Each facet measured by 8 items (240 items)
Agrees with other big 5 instruments |
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Cattells 2 kinds of traits |
Surface traits -are clearly observable
Source trait -the cause of surface traits |
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Cattells theory of personality |
Identified 40 groups of correlated observations each represented by a surface trait -came from Life data
Was interested in the structures that gave rise to surface traits
Further analysis lead to the development of 16 source traits -these were measured by the 16 personality factors (self report test) |
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3 different types of source traits |
1) ability traits -skills that allow the person to function effectively (intelligence)
2) temperament traits -involvr emotional life and stylistic qualities of behavior (calm vs emotional)
3) dynamic traits -striving and motivational aspects of personality (self control) |
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NEO personality inventory correlated with 3 traits measured by Eysenck PEN model and Cattell 16 personality factors |
Eysenck extroversion and Neuroticism are virtually the same in the Big 5
Eysenck Psychoticism corresponds to low agreeableness and low conscientiousness 16 personality factors yields thr big 5 factor structure |
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Unique features of five facotr model |
Triats are not just descriptions of personality but are causal factors that influence the life course of everyone |
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General personality factor (GPF) Musek |
All human personality can be explained holistically like g in intelligence Postive aspects of 5 factor model plus two higher order factors |
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Two higher order factors in GPF |
Alpha -emotional stability needed to get along with others -agreeablness, conscientious and neuroticism
Beta -flexibility to adapt to changes and challenges -exttoversion, openness
Have genetic origin and evolutionary importance |
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HEXACO Model (6 factor model) |
Extroversion conscientious openness neuroticism Agreableness Honestly/ Humility (genuine, trustworthy, integrity, moral) Temperment traits N in the FFM are in A Sentimental trials in A in the FFM are in N Honestly/ humility dimension predicts outcomes not in FFM like dark triad |
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What are the facets of Honeslt/ humility scale |
Sincerity Fairness Greed avoidance Modesty |
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High and low scores in honestly and humility |
High scored people -peoppe avoid manipulation of others, not interested in wealth, no entitlement, doesn't take advantage of disadvantaged, doesn't break rules Low scored people Will flater others to get what they want, break rules, motivated by wealth, feel self importance |
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Big 7 model (tellegen and waller) |
Same as big 5 with two additional factors -postive valence -negtive valence (Represent states like moods)
Understand pathology within the normal range and the dark triad |
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As to thr adjective, when in doubt strike it out |
Elimination of adjectives thar describe physical characteristics, demographics, unusual behaviors and adjectives not typically used to describe behavior produces 10 possible candidates (Pic) |
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Is intelligence a personality trait |
Maybe not -intelligence related terms and adjectives loaded on openness, culture and conscientiousness -self and peer ratings on personality differ from IQ -IQ is different from traits |
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Is religiosity a personality trait |
Undetermined -religiosity is a secondary trait reflected by combinations of A, C and sometimes O, E -spiritual transcendence is only slightly related to big 5 -6 factors found when big 5 and transcendence scores were analyzed together |
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Is sexuality a personality trait |
Doesn't look like it -sexy 7 (Buss) measures descriptors of personality relating to sexuality -early research: sexuality descriptors restricted to one gender -can be accounted for by combinations of A, E , O and N facets |
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Sexy 7 |
? |
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3 approaches for studying personality in crossed cultural perspective |
Methodological - emic and etic distinction Lexical Interview methodology |
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Emic and etic distinction ? |
Languages may lack one to one translations
Dont know if same factor is found two languages or if an imposed etic on culture because trait terms don't arise spontaneously in the language
-avoid transport test approach (back translation methods) |
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What did Hofstee do |
Identified 126 words that can be translated directly from English to Dutch and German
-found congruence across all three languages except for openness factor
-german and English have similar factor structure
-in Dutch opened included traits of rebelloiusness
-similar variations on openness found in Hungarian and Italian |
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Emic factors and big 5 |
Some culturally specific personality factors are not captured by big 5
Ex. Status and family relations not measured by big 5 in Asian cultures -Chinese: filial piety (family responsibility, honor) -jappanese: amae (dependency, dependable) -Korean: cheong (human affection) -saving the WA (don't embarrasse famiy) |
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Di Blas and Forzi |
Explored the structure of personality terms in Intalian by selecting items directly from Italian dictionary (lexical study) -ask idnvidiuals to rate themselves -see if big 5 would replicate Found 3 out of 5 -extraversion -agreeablenss -conscientiousness Neuroticism not identified |
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China cross culturally and Big 5 |
Chinese and American college students showed identical results except for the facet of openness |
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Cheung (1996) |
Developed the Chinese personality assessment Inventory (CPAI) -a measure of 10 trait clusters unique to Chinese personality |
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Cheung (2001) |
Administer the NEO personality inventory reverse and Chinese personality assessment inventory to analyze results together
-6 factors (big 5 and cheung: interpersonal relatedness) |
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Interpersonal relatedness |
Reflects traits encouraged in Chinese culture -maintaining harmony -avoiding conflict -flexible in situations -saving face In other Asian and American samples |
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Cross culturally triats in South Africa |
Ubuntu -emphasizes social relatedness, peace and harmony in collective community based environment -tolerance, compassion, sensitivity, loyalty, warm, trustworthy -obedience and respect toward adults parents teachers seniors and authority |
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Nel, Valchev and Rothmann (2012) |
Used lexical study to examine Ubuntu amon English, Afrikaans and 11 south African language groups -found in all language groups in trait clusters representing relationship harmony, softheartedness, facilitating goals |
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Alternative study to previous |
Study of Ubunto and NEO PR Two large superordinate traits emerged 1) person centered (contained big 5) 2) relationship centered (corresponding attributes of Ubuntu) -emic personality traits |
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Zeinoun, Choueiri and DeVijver (2017) (Example of cultural specific (emic) factors) |
Study of personality dimensions in modern standard Arabic -806 participants 167 personality traits that are familiar and common in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and West Bank Reveled 6 factor solution Reflected facets of big 5 and HEXACO model and narrow culturally specific personality traits |
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Zeinoun, Choueiri and DeVijver (2017) 6 factors |
1) morality 2) conscientiousness 3) postivie emotionally (low N, high E) 4) dominace 5) agreeablness/ righteousness 6) emotional stability (low N) |
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DeRaad and Peabody (2005) |
Examined trait terms across 11 languages big 3 (extraversion, agreeablness and consciousness) are cross lingual recurrent -neuroticism and openness are less cross culturally reliable replication of full big 5 is questionable |
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What does openness vary across cultures |
1) Defintion Lexical studies: defined as intellect and imagination Self report measures (NEO PI): defined as open to novel experiences, people and events Exists cross culturally but dinfied in a unique way to each culture (emic concept) |
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Why are there more than 5 factors in some cultures |
1) extra dimensions may tap into social evaluation (power, morality) 2) interpersonal relations are so important that there are many trait terms to describe relations 3) in some cultures, culture specific dimensions are captured in combinations of extraversion and ageeeablness |
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Web pages and Big 5 |
Bloggers are high in N and O -observers reading blogs related N,O, C of bloggers -E and A ratings reflected bloggers ideal self ratings High E individuals bloggers to more online groups Introverts spent more time on Facebook and more postive about it |
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Seidman (2013) |
Found that high C individuals were more cautious in their online presentations High A and E individuals were more likely to express their actual triats High N positively associated with the expression of ideal hidden selfs |
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Sorokwaska (2016) |
E predicted the frequency of online selfie posting Weak evidence of relationship between self esteem and selfish posting |
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Kaurin (2018) |
Observers rate personality of those who posted on social media Agreed and their ratings were correlated with a criterion measure of target personality Accuracy correlations were higher when based on selfies than brief introductions provided with selfies (Expcet agreeablness and self esteem) |
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Research strategies to measure age differences throughout adulthood |
Longitudinal: individual change Cross sectional: mean level change |
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Age and personality |
Stability over long periods (increases with age)
No period of dramatic personality change
Personality coherence rather than incoherence
Big 5 are most consistent starting at age 3 and until 5
Evidence of some change is found (small Gradual changes) |
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Rank order correlations remain significant |
30% of variability at a later age can be predicted from responses at an earlier age |
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Bazana and Stelmack (2004) means of stability coefficients for big 5 |
N: 0.52 E: 0.59 O: 0.52 A: 0.48 C: 0.50 |
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Schwada and Bleidorn (2017) study of 9636 Dutch participants |
Provided with big 5 self reports at 5 assessments over 7 years Individual differences in personality change were small but significant until old age O, C, E, A Individual differences in change were most pronocuded in emerging adulthood and decreased midlife and old age N Individual differences in change were relatively consistent across life span |
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What does consistency or continuity in personality mean |
Level of trait remains thr same over time Personally change means an increase or decrease in level from previous levels and then stability Change is often one of degree not kind |
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Trait change can occur in |
1) a group of people over time (mean level change) 2) how a person changes over time (individual rank order level change) 3) change compared to same age peers or refetence group (relative rank order level change) |
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Rothbart and Bates (2006) personality in children |
Suggest that temperament froms thr affective core of later personality and predicts a wide range of childhood and adolescent traits |
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Temperament |
Defined as individual differences in emotional reactivity and regulation - relatively stable and partially genetically based -environmental factors do contribute |
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3 temperaments present in fincacy that form the basis of adult extroversion and Neuroticism |
1) Emtionality (N) -N is more of a personality trait
2) Sociability (E) 3) Activity level - Agreeablness doesn't emerge till 8 -is hierarchically organized and can be measured reliably |
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Difference in adult vs childhood |
A and C, C and O are strongly correlated in childhood but become independent in adulthood C and O underlie traits of self regulation and self mastery |
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Barbarnelli BFQ- C measure |
Made of 65 traits reflecting the constructs of neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeablness and conscientiousness |
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Large crossed culture study by Takett, Slobodsky and Mar (2012) |
Found that only E A and O replicated across culture and age groups of 8 to 14 |
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How stable are the attributes in children. |
Evidence of rank order stability (cumulative-continuity principle)
Evidence of Disruption hypothesis
Little evidence of maturity principle (increases with age in the meal level of A, C and E) |
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Disruption hypothesis |
Biological social and emotional changes during development are accompanied by personality change |
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N and gender differences |
Little difference in children Adolescent girls become prone to negative affect and increasing N Boys show little change in N with age |
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Sobodskaya and Kornienko (2021) cords cultural difference in children's personality development |
In childhood A, C and N increase while E and O decreased In adolescents parents report increases in C and decreases in N -youth rated Alpha and A decreases Personality maturation happens from childhood to late adolescence except N |
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Personality change in adulthood |
Assumption of the big 5 theory that personality change is set by 30 is premature -Robert concluded most change happens 22-30 (young adulthood) -there was no evidence of gender differences on any personality dimension or within any age cohort
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Shrivastava (2003) cross sectional study using internet respondents |
Similar to Robert but... Women but not men are more emotionally stable after age 30 Older men had the same level of emotional stability as young men Openness declined with age for everyone |
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Why might personality change in young adulthood |
1) life experiences can change E, C, N 2) demands of age- graded social roles and expectations - tasks like finding a partner and getting a job can set the stage for changes |
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Barrick and Mount (1991) Personality and career choice |
Found C alone was related to performance ratings, productivity, salary and low job turnover -held across gender and occupations -being extravered was helpful for people on management and sales |
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Sackett and Walmsley (2014) personality and career choice |
Attributes related to C and A were important across many jobs -ranging in compexitiy, raining and experience |
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Serrat, Villar, Pratt and Stuckas (2007) personality and retirement |
Assessed big 5 and general activity before retirement in the prediction of hedonic and eudaimonic well being at two points of retirement
N - Eudaimonic well being E and General activity- hodonic well being |
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Eudaimonic well being and hedonic well being |
Eudaimonic -idea of pursuing one's goals, realizing ones potential and feeling that one's life has purpose and meaning hedonic -being satisfied with life and experiencing high levels of postive affect |
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Hansson, henning and Buratti (2019) |
Examined the relationship between big 5 and adjustment to retirement (Look on snap) |
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Asselman and Specht (2021) examined personality changes that happen prior to retirement and shortly after |
C was higher in first years of work versus later E was higher in and after first yeas of working A increased gradually in the 3 years after starting work C was lower in and after first year of retirement verse before -no other traits differed around start of retirement |
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Friedman (1993) and longevity |
Children rated high in C in 1922 were more likely to be alive in 1990 -live longer cause C people engage in self care acts that reduce illness/ disability -better coping skills that reduce stress Those rated as Agreeable (happy/ cheerful) in 1922 were likely to be dead by 60 -promte faster recovery but determental to life long personality characteristic |
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Argeeableness and short life |
Agreeable people may underestimate risk factors, fail to follow medical advice Poor coping skills -may not know how to handle stress and have difficulty breaking out of bad habits that got them their |
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Spengler (2014) personality and health |
Examined the relationship between self and teacher rated student traits assessed at the end of primary school with all cause morality rate at 52 -self ratings on responsible student scale -teacher ratings of studiousness Predicted all cause morality even after controlling for IQ, SES and gender Results show self and observer estimates on triats reflect C predict longevity and low morality |
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JOKELA (2019) examined the relationship between big 5 and healthy life years lost and population |
Low C was associated with high mortality -only when it was below median level Low emtional stability was related to shorter life expectancy -only among those in the lowest 15% distribution |
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Gale (2017) N and longevity |
Explored relationship between N and self rated health 1 SD increment in N was associated with 6% increase in mortality After adjusting self rated health, high N was associated with 8% reduction -only if those people with fair or poor self rated health |
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Mund and Neyer (2015) |
Assessed big 5, measures of subjective health and loneliness in German adults at two pints in time 15 years apart N precise both subjective heath and loneliness |
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Ogle (2016) N increases risk of PTSD |
Increases in thr level of N assessed in young adults and then in midlife reported trauma memories N leads to PTSD symptoms by magnifying the emotional level, availability and centrality of trauma related memories |
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C financial well being |
Trait associated with high levels of motivation, goal setting, financial planning/ success Suffer more when experience financial services backs, doubt abilities -low C contribute set backs to lack of effort or bad luck |
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Boyce and wood (2016) |
C is positively related to loss aversion -high C sees loss as more devastating -C people are more risk aversive |
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Loss aversion |
The heuristic to evaluate losses as being more meaningful and more negative than positively values gains |
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Extrovert advantage |
Have higher quality social interactions, are better at creating favorable impressions and establishing rapport |
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Duffy and Chartrad (2015) extroveet advantage |
Filmed extrovers where they were judging photographs or completed a word search tasks while interacting with someone Extroverts mimic other people when it is highly adaptive to do so -use to.bulid rapport particularly only when they have a goal to affiliate Supports that extroverts are more reward sensitive than introverts |
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Leikas and Iiimarinen (2016) costs of E and C |
High scores had more postive moods at the start of the study but were mentally depleted 3 hours later Depletion was postively related to the number of interaction partners during the day (Pages 70-71) |
