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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an older adult/ person |
Someone over the age of 65 -senior/ elderly is too limiting -not all the same as people different in cognitive and physical abilities |
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What is gerontology |
Scientific study of aging -includes biological, psychological and sociological changes -llya Mechnikov in 1903 |
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What is the CGS |
Canadian geriatrics society -was established in 1981 -was called Canadian society of geriatric medicine |
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Age divisions |
Young old (boomers) 65-74 Old old 75-84 Oldest old 85 and older |
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Baltes 4 key principles of lifelong development |
1) history and context 2) plasticity 3)multi- causality 4) multi- directionality |
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history and context |
Individuals develop within a certain set of circumstances that are influenced by the time and culture they live |
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plasticity |
It is possible to improve functioning at any age |
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multi- causality |
How an individual develops is shaped by biological, psychological, sociocultural and life cycle factors |
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multi- directionality |
Development can involve both increases and decrease -varies from person to person |
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Types of influences on development |
Normative age-graded influences - normal age related changes that most people experience
Normative history-graded influences - influences experienced by most people in a specific area and time
Non Normative influences -random unexpected events |
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Chronological age |
A number of years a person has lived -used the most |
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Self perceived age |
How old an individual views themselves -often younger |
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Biological age |
A person's development based on the aging of various physical systems |
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Psychological age |
Understand development by how an individual thinks, reasons, and acts independent from chronological age |
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Social age |
A measure of how well a person's behavior fits with the norms or expectations that society has for a person of that age |
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Functional age |
How well an individual can function in their environment (Biological, psychological, social age and environmental influences) |
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3 processes of age |
Primary aging -is normal and disease free
Secondary aging -is the physical and cognitive changes that are related to lifestyle, disease or injury (not part of normal aging)
Tertiary aging -the rapid decrease in cognitive and functional ability in the years prior to death |
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4 groups of aging |
First age (youth to early 20s) Second age (early 20s to 40s) Third age (50 to 75) Fourth age (75 and older) |
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Reasons why our global population is aging |
Better health care Greater access to health care Eradication of childhood disease Significant decline in global birth rate |
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What are centenarians |
Individuals who lived to be 100 to 110 |
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Fertility replacement level |
Average number of children per women at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next (2.1 per women)
Canadas (1.61) USA (2) |
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Aging population |
-japan has the oldest population -decline in birth rates in the G8 contries over the last 60 years |
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Baby boom |
Is a sudden rise in the number of births from year to year -canada 1946 to 1965 |
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What caused the baby boom |
Strong postwar economy Reunion of families after world War 2 High marriage rates |
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Why was there a decline in fertility rate |
Influence of religion on daily life declined Contraception More women in higher education More women in paid labor force |
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Diversity in older adults |
30% of older adults were immigrants |
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Different kinds of immigrants |
Established -permanet residents for more than 10 years
Recent -residents for less than 10 years (not eligible for pensions)
Family class -sponsored by their family |
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Eastern collectivist cultures views of age |
More postive view of aging (reverence and respect)
Based on Confucianism ( gives older members a role in both social and familial contexts)
Based on Finial piety (virtue of respect for one's parents, elders and ancestors |
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How do western individualistic cultures |
More youth oriented and individualistic -have negative beliefs about aging |
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What other factors effect cross cultural differences |
Influence of personal values Educational factors Socio-economic factors |
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What is ageism |
Systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old |
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2 components of ageism |
1) socially constructed way of thinking about older people based on negative attitudes and stereotypes
2) beliefs lead to the tendency to structure society based on the assumption that everyone is young |
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3 most common forms of agisem |
Ignored and treated invisible
Treated like they have nothing to contribute
They are incompetent |
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Terror management theory |
Basic psychological conflict that happens from having the desire to live but realizing death is inevitable -produces terror |
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Negative self stereotyping |
When an older adult believes the negative stereotypes accoiated which aging and integrates these concepts into self concept |
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Stereotyped threat |
Fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype of the group you belong to |
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Decreasing agisem |
Increasing contact between younger and older
Education |
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3 building blocks for every study of adult development |
Age effects Chort effects Time of measurement effects |
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Age effects |
Difference such as biological psychological or sociocultural changes due to growing older |
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Cohort effects |
Differences as a result of having been born in a certian time, region or experiences -unique |
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Time of measurement effects |
Differences due to cultural historical environmental or other events at the the time of data collection |
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Cross sectional design |
Individuals of different ages are compared at a single point in time -put into cohorts (groups) |
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Advantages of Cross sectional design |
-Examines age differences -less time -less costly - comparisons between mutiple variables |
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Disadvantages of Cross sectional design |
-nothing about age changes -cohort effect -dificult to distinguish between age and cohort effects |
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Longitudinal design |
Data is collected from the same participants over time |
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Advantages of Longitudinal design |
-Assessment of age changes -Participants from same cohort -allow for the separating of age and cohort effects |
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Disadvantages of Longitudinal design |
-cant distinguish between age (maturation effects) and time of measurement effects -lots of time -lots of money -validity -attrition |
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What is attrition |
Participants who have been recruited for a study who drop out |
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What is internal validity |
Results are due to the manipulation of the independent and not confounding variables |
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External validity |
Extent results of thr study can be generalized to other people (population validity), setting (ecological validity) and time (historical validity) |
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Sequential design |
Involves the combination of Longitudinal and cross sectional designs |
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Cohort sequential design |
Two or more cross sectional studies done at two different time periods
Advantages -seperates age and cohort effects
Disadvantages -time of measurement effects can't be separated out |
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Time sequential design |
Two or more cross sectional samples compared at two or more times of measurement
Advantages -seperates age and time of measurement effects
Disadvantages -cohort and time of measurement effects are confounded |
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Cross sequential design |
Combines a cross sectional and Longitudinal design
Advantages -elimates age as a factor
Disadvantages -age and time of measurement effects are confounded |
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Informed consent |
Indication of agreement by an individual to become a participant in a research project
-understand information being conveyed
-consent must be free of coercion, informed and ongoing (is a process) |
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Proxy |
A person authorized to act on behave of someone else |
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Coercion |
Threat of harm or punishment for failure to participate in research |
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Undue influence |
Occur when participants are recurtied to participante in research by those who have some form of control over them |
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Right to withdraw |
Oneself from further participation Ones data |
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Confidentially |
The protection of participant information and responses -who has access -where information is stored -how it is used |
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Anonymity |
Refers to either not collecting identifying information from research participants or not linking individual responses with identities |
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Tri council |
Canadas primary federal funding agencies of NSERC, CIHR and SSHRC
-designed to assist researchers in conducting research with humans
Guidelines based on 3 core principles 1) respect of persons 2) concern of welfare 3) justice |
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TCPS |
Statement that provides guidelines for ethical conduct of research based on 3 core principles 1) respect of persons 2) concern of welfare 3) justice |
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Average longevity |
Measure that refers to the age at which half of the individuals born in a given year will have died
-also known as life expectancy (81.76 years for Canada)
-influenced by genetic and environmental factors |
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Gender differences |
World health organization (WHO) -women (72.7) outline men (68.1) |
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Why do men have shorter lives |
-Men drink and smoke more
-Women have 2 x chromosomes which is a protective factor against heart disease
-Higher rates of violence
-See doctors less |
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Maximum longevity |
The oldest age one can possible live |
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Supercentenarian |
Individuals whokve over 110 |
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Canada aging |
How has more individuals 65 and older than children aged 14 and younger -lowest proportion of individuals 65 years and older |
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Healthy immigrant effect |
Foreign born individuals tend to live longer and are in better health than those who are native born -longer immigrants lives in New country the more health resembles the health of native born |
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3 reason for the healthy immigrant effect |
1) healthy habits and behaviors of immigrants before leaving home country 2)immigrants self selection (those with money and health can migrate) 3)strict health screening |
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Twin studies |
Genetic factors account for 25 to 30% of individual differences in lifespan |
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Health definition |
State of complete physical, mental and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - criticized |
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Criticism of health definition |
-most of us are considered unhealthy -pattern of disease has shifted from high rates if acute diseases and short life's to higher rates of chronic disease and longer lives |
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Leading cause of death |
Falls cause the leading cause of injury related hospitalizations |
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Factors that determine current health |
Individual characteristics Individual behaviors Physical environment Social and economic environment |
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Two components of disability |
1) activities of daily living -are basic self care activities such as bathing,dressing, eating and using toilet
2) instrumental activities of daily living -more complex everyday tasks such as shopping, banking, medication meal prep |
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What affects disability |
Age and gender |
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Two models of disability |
Medical model -views disability as being caused by disease injury or health -inventions are needed to correct disease Social model -a socially created problem, |
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International classification functioning model |
A multidimensional classification that emphasizes health and normalizes disability |
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Frailty |
Describes a state of increased vulnerability as a result of age associated declines in reserve and function -lead to a reduced ability of individual to cope with everyday stressors |
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Functional heath |
How well and person is functioning in daily life |
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Non-communicable diseases |
Are preventable through reduction of behavioral risk factors -tobacco use -physical inactivity -harmful use of alcohol -obesity (BMI has doubled since 1980) (height and weight) |
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Compression of morbidity hypothesis |
Hypothesis that proposes that the average age that one becomes disabled for the first time is postponed -decreasing the time between Onset of disease and death |
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Expansion of morbidity hypothesis |
Proposes people will live longer in poor health |
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Dynamic equilibrium hypothesis |
Proposes that postponement of death is paired with delays in disability -time in poor health remains the same |
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Co morbidity |
Co occurrence of mutiple chronic or acute diseases and medical conditions in an individual |
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Polypharmacy |
The use of 5 or more medications -12% among 6 to 14 -83% among 65 to 79 -leadd to adverse drug reactions
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Pharmacokinetics |
Study if the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs |
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Pharacodynamics |
The study of the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action -changes to drug receptors can make older adults more sensitive to medications |
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Quality of life |
Individuals perception of their postion in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals standards and concerns
-affected by health status, economic status and physical activity
-self reports
-dignity and sense of control is central
-functioning, postive attitude, postive social relationships |
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4 broad categories that contribute to quality of life |
1) psychological 2) social 3) physical 4) spiritual or religious |
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Medicare |
Publicly funded Canadian system that provides universal health insurance -sask came first |
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Canadian health care system is based on 5 principles |
1) universality (all residence are eligible)
2) portability (maintained when someone moves and travels)
3) public administration (administered on a non profit basis by public authority)
4) accessibility (not impeded by financial or other barriers)
5) comprehensiveness (all services must be insured) |
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Affordable care act (Obama care) |
2012 Gives Americans more access to affordable quality health insurance -reduced increases in health care spending |
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Rowe and Kahn 3 components of successful aging |
1) the avoidance of disease and disability 2) the maintenance of cognitive and physical function 3) engagement with life |
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Baltes and baltes SOC model |
Selection (developing and committing to personal goals) Optimization (goal relevant means need to be acquired and refined) Compensation (maintenence of postive functional in the face of losses) |
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Criticisms of these models |
-unrealistic focus on the complete absence of disease -neglect of structural forces that may limit resources to supper aging -promote ageism -lack of criteria that are generated by older adults (see themselves as aging successfully) - criteria drawing on different cultures |
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Participaction |
-Ended in 2001 due to funding -Came back in 2007 -Provides physical activity guidelines for adults 65 and older -tips on physical activity, healthy eating, safety in home |
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Pharmacists |
Use of Plastic packaging to seperate medication and minimize under or over doses |
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European year of active aging |
2012 -goal is to reverse the belief that older adults are a burden to society |
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What do older adults believe are the components of aging successfully |
Self acceptance Contendtedness Self growth Engagement in life |
