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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a presynaptic neuron |
Neuron that delivers transmission |
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What is a postsynaptic neuron |
Neuron that receives transmission |
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What is the synaptic cleft |
The space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons |
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What is a neurotransmitter |
Chemicals released by a neuron that affects another neuron |
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What are the 2 parts of thr peripheral nervous system |
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system |
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What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system |
Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system |
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What are the different types of neurotransmitters |
Amino acids Modified amino acid Monoamines Neuroptides Purines Gases |
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What is acetylcholine (modified amino acid) |
In central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and skeletal muscles -excitatory -receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic) |
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What is choline acetyl transferase |
Enzyme involved in the production of acetylcholine |
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What is an excitatory |
On switch |
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What is acetylcholine involved in |
-regulation of attention and arousal -memory -motor control |
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What are amino acids |
Acids containing an amine group |
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What are monomines |
Chemicals formed by a change in certain amino acids |
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What are the 2 kinds of monoamines |
Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine)
Indolamine (serotonin)
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What is an inhibitory |
Off switch |
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What is Dopamine (monoamines) (catrcholamines) |
-Found in the brain -inhibitory -recrports (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) |
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What is dopamine involved in |
Attention Learing Motor control Schizophrenia |
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What are norepinephrine (monoamines) (catrcholamines) |
Found in the brain, spinal cord, sympathetic nervous system -inhibitory in central nervous system -excitatory in sympathic nervous system |
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What are norepinephrine involved in |
Sleep/ wakefulness Regulation of food intake Regulation of mood Stress response |
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What is epinephrine (monoamines) (catrcholamines) |
Found in central and sympathetic systems -excitiatory -acts as a neurotransmitter in nervous system |
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What does epinephrine do in the nervous system |
Promotes the fight or flight response |
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What is serotonin (monoamines) (Indolamine) |
Found in the brain -inhibitory -Synthesized from tryptophan -7 receptors |
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What is serotonin involved in |
Control of eating behaviors Regulation of sleep and arousal Regulation of mood Regulation of pain |
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What are the different amino acid neurotransmitters |
Glutamate GABA Glycine |
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What are glutamate |
Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and schizophrenia |
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What is GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) |
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that is important in regulating anxiety and motor control |
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What is glycine |
Inhibitory neurotransmitter that has implications in learning along with glutamate |
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What are peptide neurotransmitters |
Peptides that have two or more amio acids |
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What is a peptides |
Hormones composed of short chains of amino acids |
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Examples of peptide neurotransmitters |
ACTH Vasopressin Angiotensin II Cholecystokinin |
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What is a purine |
Category of chemicals including adenosine |
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What is adenosine (purines) |
Neuromodulator in the brain that suppresses neural activity, regulate wake cycle, dilation of blood vessels |
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What are soluble gases |
Neurons that have at least 2 soluble gages that regulate passage of neural impulse communication between neurons -nitric oxide -carbin monoxide |
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What are the major events in transmission at a synapse |
1) synthesis 2) transportation 3) release 4) activation of receptors 5) changes in post synaptic neurons 6) detachment of neurotransmitter 7) reuptake or deactivation of the NT by enzymes 8) negative feedback |
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What is in the synthesis processes |
Precursors Enzymes Storage Synaptic vesicles |
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What is involved in the release process |
Exocytosis Action potential Entry of calcium Quantum Dales law |
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What is involved in the activation of receptors process |
Ionotropic activation Metabotropic activation |
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What is ionotropic activation |
- neurotransmitter binds to a receptor -Opens a neurotransmitter dependent ion channel -ions enter the post synaptic neuron |
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What is metabotropic activation |
- neurotransmitter binds to a receptor -activates g protein -alpha subunit breaks away and activates an enzyme -enzyme makes a chemical reaction that makes a secondary messenger - message opens ion channels and ions enter the cell |
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What is cyclic amp |
Second messager |
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What is cyclic gmp |
Second messager |
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What are IPSP |
Temporary Hyperpolarization is simular to an EPSP -when synaptic imput selectivity opens gates for potassium ions to leave or Chloride ions to enter |
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What are EPSP |
Graded depolarization -flow of sodium ions into a neuron |
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What affects neural integration |
Magnitude of EPSP Magnitude of IPSP Location of PSP Temporal summation Spatial summation |
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Know |
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Know |
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Negative feedback |
Retrograde transmitter Autoreceptor |
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What is retrograde transmitter |
A transmitter related by a postsynaptic cell to modify it |
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What is autorceptor |
Receptor on a presynaptic neuron that responds to the released transmitter by inhibiting further release of it |
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Why use drugs on synapses |
Provide knowledge about aspects of communication at the synpase |
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What are agonist drugs |
Mimic or increase the effects of neurotransmitters Facilitate synaptic transmission |
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What are antagonist drugs |
Block the effects of neurotransmitters inhibiting the synaptic transmission |
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What is drug affinity |
The attraction of a drug to a specific receptor |
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What is drug efficacy |
The tendency of a drug to activate a receptor |
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13 ways a drug can affect synaptic transmission |
.. |
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1 |
Drug can act as a precursor (Ex l-dopa increases available dopamine) |
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2 |
Drug can inhibit the enzymes needed for synthesis of the nt |
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3 |
A drug can affect the storage of the nt |
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4 |
A drug can promote the release of a nt |
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5 |
A drug can inhibit the release of a nt |
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6 |
A drug can stimulate the post synaptic receptors |
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7 |
A drug can block the post synaptic receptors |
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8 and 9 |
A drug can block the enzymes that deactivate the NT |
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10 |
A drug can stimulate autoreceptors |
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11 |
A drug can block the autoreceptors
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12 |
A drug can block retrograde transmission |
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13 |
A drug can attach to a receptor site on a post synaptic neuron and affect a NT attaching to its receptor in a neighboring site |
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What is the endocrine system |
Involves glands of the body and the hormones produced by those glads |
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What does the hypothalamus do |
Has direct control of many hormones related by the pituitary glad |
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What are the 2 regions of the pituitary glad |
Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary |
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What are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary |
Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Follicle stimulating hormone Lutenizing hormone Somatotropin (growth hormone) Prolactin |
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What are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary |
Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin |
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What us vasopression |
a pituitary hormone which acts to promote the retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood pressure |
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What is the thyroid gland |
Produces hormones like thyroxine |
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What is thyroxine |
Regulates a bodies metablic rate -increased levels leads to increased cellular activity and energy usage in the body |
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What are the 2 regions of the Adrenal glands |
Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex |
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What is the adrenal medulla |
Produces hormones under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system -adrenalin (epinephrine) -noradrenalin (norepinephrine) |
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What is the adrenal cortex |
Produces... Glucocirticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens |
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What are Glucocirticoids |
Stimulate the liver to increase glucose and stimulate the break down of protein and fats to promote energy -reduce inflammation |
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What are Mineralocorticoids |
A group of hormones that help regulate the concentration of minerals in the body |
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What are aldosterone |
Is a mineralocorticoid that promotes conservation of salt |
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What are Androgens |
Like testosterone Contribute to the growth and activity of cells that are receptive to male hormones |
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What hormones do pancreas release |
Insulin Glucagon |
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What are the 2 hormones released by ovaries (gonads) |
Estrogen Progesterone |
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What do testes (gonads) release. |
Androgens (testosterone) |
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What does the pineal glad release |
Melatonin |
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What do the kidneys release |
Renin (Converts protein in the blood which promotes changes in the body when blood volume is low and contributes to thirst) |
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What does adipose tissue produce |
Leptin -manages appetite -energy usage of the body -onset of puberty |
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What are the 5 techniques used in research methods |
1) creation of lesions or ablation 2) neuroanatomical techniques 3) stimulation techniques 4) recording techniques 5) chemical techniques |
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What is a lesion |
Technique that purposely involves damaging parts of the brain |
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What are stereotaxtic atlas |
Map of species brain |
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What is a bregma |
The point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull |
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What is stereotaxic instruments |
A device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain |
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What is ablation |
Involes the removal of specific part if the brain |
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3 ways to create a lesion |
Heat Alternating current Use of chemicals |
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What are temporary lesions |
Use of transcraninal magnetic stimulation technique
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What are different neuroanatomical techniques |
Perfusion Fixation Slicing Microtome Staining Electron microscopy |
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What is Perfusion |
Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue |
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What is Microtome |
a specialized precision cutting instrument, which accurately and repeatedly slices sections from a block of embedded tissue |
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What is Staining |
an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image |
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What is Electron microscopy |
a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes |
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What are stimulation techniques |
Low dose electrical current Low does of certain excitatory Chemicals Transcranial magnetic stimulation Optogenetics |
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily inactivating neurons below the magnet |
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Optogenetics |
Using light to control a limited population of neurons |
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What do recording techniques do |
Used to measure activity in a particular structure Like EKG, EMG, EOG, GSR |
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What does recording involve |
Transducer Amplifier Filter Oscilloscope Computer |
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What us computerized axial tomography (CAT scans) |
Involves the injection of dye into the blood and use of x rays to create an image of the brain |
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What are MRI |
Application of magnetic field and the use of radio-frequency waves to image the brain |
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What are rCBF |
Uses inert radioactive chemicals that are dissolved in the blood |
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What are PET |
Records emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemical |
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What are functional magnetic resonance imagine |
Uses oxygen consumption in the brain to provide a moving picture |
