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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the different kinds of chemical techniques |
1) microdialysis 2) microiontopheresis |
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What is microdialysis |
Technique used to analyze chemicals |
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What are the steps of microdialysis |
1) insert of probe with stereotaxic surgery 2) pump solution through dialysis tub 3) collect molecules from brain as fluid passes through tubing |
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What is microiontopheresis |
Technique that determines the effects of a chemical on the electrical activity of a cell |
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How does microiontopheresis work |
-Electrical current is used go release a chemical from a micropipette (multi- barrelled pipette used) -Central barrel records activity with a microelectrode - when current passes through a pipette molecules of the substance in it will be discharged |
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What are the 2 nervous systems |
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system |
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What are the 2 parts of the Peripheral nervous system |
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system |
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What are the 3 layers of the central nervous system meninges (protect the brain and spinal cord) |
1) dura mater 2) arachnoid membrane 3) pia mater |
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What are the subarachnoid space |
interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater -contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -connects 4 ventricles by foramens |
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What is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
is the clear liquid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord. -produced by the choroid plexus in ventricles |
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What are ventricles |
Hollow interconnected chambers in the brain (4) |
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What is the largest ventricle |
Paired set of lateral ventricles |
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Where is the 3rd ventricle located |
In the midline of the brain |
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What is the fourth ventricle |
Connected to the third And central canal of spinal cord |
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What connects the third and 4 ventricle |
Cerebral aqueduct |
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What is the process of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
1) made in lateral ventricles 2) passed to the 3rd 3) csf made in the 3rd is passed to the 4th (through cerebral aquaduct) 4) leaves 4th and collects in subarachnoid space around the brain 5) reabsorbed into blood supply |
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How is the peripheral nervous system protected ( what covers the spinal, cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia) |
Meninges 2 layers form a sheath to cover -dura mater -pia mater |
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What are the 3 divisons of the brain |
1) hindbrain (parts of brain stem) 2) midbrain 3) forebrain |
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What are the 2 divisions of the hind brain |
Myelencephalon (medulla) Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) |
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What are the major parts of the hind brain |
-medulla -pons -cerebellum |
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What is the ascending reticular activating system ( ARAS) |
-major part in arousal and wakefulness -works up -parts are located in the medulla, pons -movws from hind brain to mid brain to forebrain |
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What is the medulla involved in |
-Arousal -contains some of cranial nerves cell bodies -important for regulation of reflexes for survival like breathing |
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What is the pons involved in |
-ARAS ( paces also through the pons) -crainal nerves cells (majority are in the brain stem, pons and medulla) -important for sleep regulation |
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What is the cerebellum involved in |
-key area for motor control (movments) -contrubutes to balance and posture -cordinating movements and timing -attention at basic level ( auditory and visual info coming in) - simple learning (classical conditioning) |
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What is the midbrain divided into |
Mesencephalon |
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Wjat are the 2 parts of the midbrain mesencephalon |
Tectum Tegmentum |
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What are the 2 parts of tectum (sensory systems) |
Superior colliculus (vision) (not part of primary pathway) - retinas project on thalmus and some onto superior Inferior colliculus (auditory pathway) -sound passes through it on its way to higher order systems |
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What is the tegmentum involved in/ contains |
-parts of ARAS -has 3 and 4 cranial nerves (involved in eye movment) -substantia nigra -red nucleus -periaquaductal gray matter |
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What do red nucleus andperiaquaductal gray matter all have in common |
All involved in motor pathways |
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What is the forebrain divided into |
Diencephalon Telencephalon |
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What are the 2 parts of the Diencephalon |
Hypothalamus Thalamus |
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What is the hypothalamus involved in (has multiple centers in it) |
-involved in keeping a proper internal inviroment for the cells to work properly -species survival by regulating sexual behaviors -part of lymbic system (emotion regulation) - some parts connected to piturary glad and others send to it (hormones) |
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What is the thalamus involved in |
-part of lymbic system ( emotion regulation) -important for pathways that bring in sensory info to higher order systems -motor pathways go through thalamus -ARAS parts go through thamlmas (important in arousal) |
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Look at |
Information goes through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (both sencery and motor acpects) |
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What are the 4 parts if the Telencephalon |
Basal ganglia Basal forebrain Limbic system Cerebral cortex |
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What is the basal ganglia |
☆-A motor structure☆ -certian types of cognitive memory -emotion |
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What is the basal forbrain involved in |
-key area in reciving info in arousal and regulation of sleep -alertness
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What is the lymbic system involved in |
-motivation -emotion (Number of interlinked structures) -may be some structures that are important in cognitive |
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What are the key parts of the lymic system |
-thalamus -hypothalamus -ambigula -hippicampus -cingulate gyrus (emotion) -olfactory bulb -septum (emotion, plesure) |
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Wjat is the olfactory bulb involved in (crainal nerve) |
Key areas where olfactory info is projected -sence of smell (sensory system) -important in emotional, memory |
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What is the ambigula involved in |
-key area in emotion regulation ( fight and flight)
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What is the Hypocampus involved in |
-key area in memory consolidation (taking info from short to long term memory)
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What is the cerebral cortex |
Most prominent part of the brain -consists of cellular layers on the outer surface of the brain |
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Wjat is the cerebral cortex made of |
6 laminae (cells in a horizontal layer) -different at different spots on the cerebral cortex (thicker and thinner in some areas) |
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What are the different hemisphere of the cerebral cortex |
Left hemisphere Right hemisphere (Serve different functions but serves as a whole) (Controls opposite sides) |
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What is the most important nerve bundle in the cerebral cortex |
Corpus callosum -connects hemispheres to share info |
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What makes our cerebral cortexs unique in the hemispheres functions |
-sex (amount of hormones exposed to) -domint hand |
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What are the 4 different lobes of the cerebral cortex |
1) occipital lobe (visual info) 2) parietal lobe (touch info) 3) temporal lobe (hearing info) 4) frontal lobe (smell info) |
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What is the central sukcus |
Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe |
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occipital lobe |
-visual cortex -info to primary and secondary cortex -travel to parietal lobe and temporal lobe |
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parietal lobe |
-precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) -postcentral gyrus (primary somalosensory cortex) -associated with touch (temp) -prostectic receptors (joints) -furthest part to the back does recive some visual info |
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temporal lobe |
-high order visual processing of visual info -colour -picking up movement -shape detecting -hearing as well (primary auditory cortext) -emotion regulation (lymbic) -part of language area (wernicke area)(comprehension) |
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frontal lobe |
-precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) (decision in movements) - planning of movement -high order cognitive skills (planning, analyzing, making decisions, judgments) -emotion regulation -memory (working memory) -language (broca area) |
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What is the spinal cord |
Part of central nervous system -communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head |
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What protects the spinal cord |
Vertebral column -24 individual vertebrae -over mengies |
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Spinal cord H shape |
H shape contains all cell bodies (grey matter) -white matter is around H (contains myelin axons) |
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Wjat does the spinal cored do |
Sends sensory info to the brain and receives motor commands (each segment had both a motor and sensory aspect) |
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What is bell-magendie law |
Entering dorsal roots carry sensory info and exiting ventral roots carry motor info |
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What are the functions of the spinal cord |
-key motor structure programs -reflexes |
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What is the somatic nervous system involved in |
Carrying sensory and motor info to and from the central nervous system -spinal nerves -cranial nerves |
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What are spinal nerves |
Begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord -31 pairs -have both a motor and sensory branch
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What does grey matter do in the spinal cord |
Where motor cells are located -cell bodies that give rise to the ventrap root are located there then move to muscles |
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What does the dorsal root do for the spinal cord |
Where cell bodies that carry somatosensory information r located -bring sensory information into the spinal cord |
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How are the spinal nerves devided |
Based on where they originate from in the vertebral column |
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Whar are the 31 different spinal nerves |
8 cervical (neck) 12 thoracic (middle) 5 lumbar 5 sacral (lower back) 1 coccygeal (lowest) |
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What are the cranial nerves |
Attached to the brain 12 nerves -bring some sensory info to higher order centers of the brain -control of sensory and motor aspects above the shoulders - control over some organs |
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Where are crainal nerves 5-12 located |
In the hind brain (medulla and pons) |
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Where are the crainal nerves 3 and 4 located |
In the midbrain |
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Where are crainal nerves 1 and 2 located |
In the forebrain -1 is our olfactory nerve (related to smell) - 2 is our optic nerve (related to visual) |
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What is the autonomic nervous system involved in |
Regulating automatic behaviours of the body (heart rate, respiration, digestion) |
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What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic |
Sympathetic (activated when need more energy) (arousal) Parasympathetic (when dont need extra energy) (maintenance and relaxing) |
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What are the sympathetic ganglia |
Adjacent from the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumber regions -cell bodies -go on to target organs |
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What are the preganglionic axons |
Connect the sympathetic ganglia to the spinal cord |
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What neurotransmitter do the preganglionic axons use in the sympathetic system |
Acetylchonline |
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What are the postganglionic axons |
Axons from the sympathetic ganglia that synapses with target organs (Connect them) |
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What neurotransmitter do the postganglionic axons use in the sympathetic system |
Norepinephrine -except for sweat glands |
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Where are the preganglionic axons located in the Parasympathetic system |
1)cranial nerve nuclei (3, 7, 9, 10) 2) gray matter of the spinal cord in the sacral region |
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Why are Parasympathetic ganglia located closer to target organs |
Postganglionic axons are shorter |
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What neurotransmitter do the postganglionic and preganglionic axons use in the Parasympathetic system |
Acetylcholine |
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What is the law of specific nerve energies |
States that activity of a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information to the brain |
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What is reception |
-happens at sence organ level -info comes in |
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Transduction |
Info that is received creates some type of change -recptor ptentials |
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What is coding |
-sense organ makes some type of determination of info and makes a change -make sence of info |
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What is temperal coding |
Potential changes in activity of a neuron over time |
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What is spacial coding |
-which neurons r active and which are not -location |
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What is the stimulus of vision |
Light -different wave lengths (red is long) (blue is short) -nerrow bend electromagnet spectrum 340-760 |
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What is Light made of |
Photons |
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What is the physical dimension of light |
Its wavelength Its intensity |
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What is the perceptual dimension of light |
Hue (wavelength) Brightness (intensity) Saturation |
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What is saturation |
Given light is made of a single wavelength -relative to purity of the light |
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What is the accommodation process |
Where the cillary muscles bend the lens. -lens is flat to see things far away -lens is bent to see things closer up |
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What is thr light sensitive area of the eye |
Retina -contains the rods and cons (photo receptors) |
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What is the fovea |
Area on the retina that has more cons than rods -allows for acute and detailed vision |
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What is the sclera |
Tough outer part of the eye -leads off the the cornea -6 extraocular muscles are attached to it. |
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What is the cornea |
Transparent part in the front |
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What does the conjunctiva membrane do |
Hides the extraocular muscles -line the eyelid and folds back attaching to the eye |
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What does the pupils do |
Light enters here -opening in the iris |
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What is the iris |
Ring of muscles behind the cornea -colour part -under the autonomic nervous system -dialtion through sympathetic -sphincter through Parasympathetic |
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What is the lens |
Behind the iris -transparent layers -shaped by ciliary mucles |
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What is the retina |
Light sensitive area -wherr the receptors are (photo receptor) |
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What are the 2 kinds of photo receptors |
Rods (dim lighting) (more in the periphery of the retina) (more funnel to bioplor cells) (Not responsive to color)
cons (daylight vison, detailed vison) (more in the center of retina) (respinsve to color) -need more rods than cons
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What are the 3 layers of the retina |
1) photo receptor layer Horizontal cells 2) bipolar cell layer Anicrim cells 3) ganglion cell layer (All connect to make the vision pathway) |
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What is the blind spot |
Where there is no receptors and the optic never leaves |
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What is the macula |
Center part of the retina -center part of the macula is thr fovea |
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What is chromatic |
Responsive to colour (Achromatic is not responsive) |
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What opsins (protiens) do rods have |
Rhodopsin |
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What opsins do cones have |
Have different opsins |
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What js the receptive field (applies to sence organ systems) |
Field where stimulus is coming to the sense organ -how it may influence a cell (ex retina) -point where situmuls is coming in ans affecting a cell -as u go to higher order organs the receptor field gets larger |
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Where does the visual pathway start |
At the retina -photo receptors to bipolor receptors then ganglionic cells then make the optic nerve and leave the eye -optic nerve ascends to higher order structures |
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What is the optic chiasm |
Place where two optic nerves leaving the eye meet |
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Where do most ganglion axons go to in the visual pathway |
To the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) -others to superior collicullus or other places |
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What does the LGN do |
Sends axons to other parts of the thalamus and to visual areas of the occipital lobe |
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What are the 3 categories of ganglion cells |
1) parvocellular neurons 2) Magnocellular neurons 3) koniocellular neurons (All have circular receptive fields) (May have a center and no surrounding or no center and a surrounding) |
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What are the parvocellular neurons (midget ganglion cells) |
-located near the fovea -recive input from a relatively few rods and cons -more connection to cons -small cell bodies and receptive fields -connect only to lateral geniculate nucleus -senstive to color -week in response to contrast -tonic response (slow but stays on) |
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What are the Magnocellular neurons |
-large cells and large receptive fields -recive input from many rods and cons -distrubuted evenly across retina -connect to LGN and other areas of thalamus (superior colliculus) -sensitive to large patterns and moving stimuli -respins to low contrast and color -phasic response (quickly and short lived) |
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What are the koniocellular neurons |
-thoughout the retina -receive imput from rod and cons -small bodies but large dendritic trees to make a large receptor field -no surround but center -connect to LGN and other places -respond to color, detail -tonic response -moderate conduction velocity |
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What are the 3 cells at the thalamus level |
LGN Parvocellular neurons (in layer 3,4,5,6) LGN magnocellular neurons (layers 1 and 2) LGN koniocellular neurons (located in between the 2 others) |
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How are the cortical receptors fields different than LGN fields |
-are bar shaped -binocular |
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Whaf is V1 |
The primary visual cortex -recieves info from the LGN -responsible fro the first stage of visual processing -part of occipital lobe -same as the striate cortex |
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Whar is v2 |
Secondary visual cortex -recives jnfo from v1 -processes info further and sends to others -also known as parastriate or extra striate cortex |
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What are the 3 kinds of cells in the visual cortex |
Simple cells Complex cells Hypercomplex cells (end stopped) |
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What are simple cells |
-bar shaped receptor fields with vertical or horizontal orientations outnumbering diagonal ones -in v1 -fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones
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What are the complex cells |
-located in v1 and v2 -large receptor fields that don't have a fixed excititory or inhibitory zones -reponse to a pattern of light at a particular orientation -response strongly to stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis
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What are end stopped cells |
-in v1 and v2 -largest -same as complex cell but with strong inhibitory zone at one end |
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What are the 3 different visual pathways in the cortex (1) |
1) mostly parvocellular neurons pathway -sentitive to details of shape |
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What are the 3 different visual pathways in the cortex (2) |
2) mostly magnocellular neuron pathway |
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What are the 2 branches of the magnocellular pathway |
-ventral branch sensitive to movement -dorsal branch responsible for integration of vision with action |
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What are the 3 different visual pathways in the cortex (3) |
3) q mixed pathway sensitive to brightness and colour |
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What is the mostly parvocellular neurons pathway |
-contributes to shape constancy -main input from the parvocellular neurons in the LGN -projests to the interblobs of area v1 -from v1 to the interstripes of v2 -move to v4 -goes to inferior temporal cortex |
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What are the inferior temporal cortex |
Contains cells that respond to complex shapes, but are insensitive to distinctions critical to other cells like colour, movement -has the ability to ignore changes in size and directions to help with shape constancy |
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What is visual agnosia |
Inability to recognize objects despite satisfactory vision ( see shape but doesn't know what it is) |
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What is the mostly magnocellular neuron pathway |
-recives most info from magnocellular neuron in the LGN -4B and 4CA of the V1 area -thick stripes to V2 -V3 -V4 splits to ventral branch in temporal lobe and dorsal branch in the parietal lobe |
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What is the ventral branch |
Goes to several areas of the temporal cortex that is specialized in motor detection and processing of depth info |
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What is the middle temporal cortex (V5) |
Responds to a stimulus moving in a particular direction (Motion ditection) |
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What is the medial superior temporal cortex |
Gives visual and auditory info
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What are the 2 parts of the of the Medial superior temporal cortex |
-Cells in the dorsal respond to expansion, contraction or rotation of a visual stimulus -cells in the ventral part is responsive to movement against a background |
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What is the parietal cortex |
Contrubutes to the integration of vision and movement -helos with other things in finding objects and moving towards them |
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What is the mixed pathway |
Processes infi regarding color -contributes to color constancy -implications regarding visual attention -gets imput from parvocellular, magnocellular and koniocellular neurons in the LGN |
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What is the process of the mixed pathway |
-V1 blobs -V2 thin stripes -V4 |
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What is the V4 |
Responsible for color constancy and visual attention |
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What is the posterior inferior temporal cortex |
Color info here is integrated with shape and form info |
