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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is some behavior that is used to judge abnormal behavior |
-suffering (distress) -dysfunction -maladaptiveness -rarity - violation of social norms -itrationality -unpredictability -social discomfort -danger |
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Link between abnormal behavior and mental illness |
Sometimes abnormal behavior is a sign of mental illness The link between abnormal behavior and mental illness may change over time and cultures |
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Definition of mental illness as a myth |
Mental illness does not exist The concept was created by psychiatrists to control human behavior and maintain social order |
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Definition of mental illness as a violation of social norms |
Mental illness is the product of social norms that determine acceptable and unacceptable behavior |
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Defintion of mental illness as deviance |
Mental illness is statistically deviant, rare behaviors |
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Defintion of mental illness by professionals |
Mental illness could best be defined by the mental heath professionals that is whatever they decide to treat is mental illness |
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Defintion of mental illness as a biological disadvantage |
Involves behaviors that interfere with repeoduction and evolution should be considered mental illness -issues with Building connections with others that could affect relationships that lead to off springs (personally disorder) -many other disorders where illnesses don't affect these relationships |
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Deiniftion of mental illness as unexpectable distress or disability |
Behaviors that cause distress or disability that was unexpected should be considered mental illness -things that are expectacted to cause stress like the death of a love one is not considered mental illness |
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Defintion of mental illness as a harmful dysfunction |
A deviation from normal functioning that causes some harm to the person judged by the standards of that persons culture -different form culture to culture -illegal substances or over eating are harmful but not mental illness |
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DSM-5 definition |
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbances in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in psychological, biological and development processes underlying mental functioning -significant is determined by mental health professionals |
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How did the ancient world see abnormal behavior |
Explained mostly by supernatural forces (demons, spirits, gods) |
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What is thr humoral theory by Hippicrates (father of medicine) |
4 fluids need to be inbalance and mental illness comes from when they are not |
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What did Galen do |
-student of Hippicrates -made Hippicrates ideas more popular in the Roman empire -brought in health ideas of clean water and practices that help maintain heath in society |
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What is tripanation |
Drilling holes in skulls to let the spirits out |
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Middle Ages (AD 500-1500) |
Religion dominates all aspects of life in the western world
-certain people will be punished if they are not following along the church
-demonology
-publication of Witch Hammer (indicates the behaviours that corresponds to witches and what they are able to do in society)
-witch hunts (many people who deviant from society such as the mental ill may be seen as witches)
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Renaissance (1600) inlightnemnt era |
More humane treatment of abnormal behavior
-church doesn't have as much of influence and people more interested in investing
-establishment of insane asylums (bringing people together who are suffering and people who want to make things better)
-Weyer: people put to death are mentally imbalanced
-Reginald Scott (discovery of Witchcraft) (not witches but people who are suffering) |
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1700 (18th century) |
Human care of people in asylums (eating well, sleep, not tutoring) -Pinel (big advocate for better life and creating classification of illness and behavior) -Tuke ( York Estate so people are treated right like bringing in own food to engage body) - Rush (first/founder of psychiatrist in the US) |
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1900 (20th century) |
- emergence of the Biomedical Model (looking into the body as the cause of mental illness)
-introduction of psychological explanations (Charcot)
-psychodynamic theory (Freud)
-classical conditioning (Pavlov)
-Behaviorism (Watson influenced by Pavlov) (environment focus)
-Psychiatry A textbook (Kraepelin) (prominent in Europe) (in an asylum and identified scitsophrenia) (biomedical model) |
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Early 1950s |
-pharmacological treatments -deinstitionalization (leaving asylums) -Humanistic Psychology (Marlow, Rogers) -Cogntive Psychology (Broadbent) |
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1960s |
Von Bertalanffy Systems theory -revulotioned the sciences -biopsychoscial model (1970s) (influenced by systems theory) |
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Biological Model |
Emphasizes the role of biological factors in determining the causes and treatments of mental illness -dont suggest all processes contribute to bejavours and mental illnesses -can be pathological reasons -broader -treatment of the body and biological factors |
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Some biological factors |
genetics (May be the increase in substantially) (Twin studies, family studies)
brain dysfunction -stucture of the brain -function of the brain (Neurotransmitter abnormalities) (Dysfunction of synapses)
Endocrine system abnormalities (Thyroid issues my influence mood or metabolism) |
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Biological model techniques |
Used a variety of techniques to assess biological factors and assure to a reliable diagnosis by identifying the problem -blood tests -CAT scans -PET scans -FMRI |
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What are the treatment strategies of the biological model |
Strategies are used to modify or eliminate the dysfunction and demonstrate effectiveness -are effective when used properly
-psychosurgery (lobotomy) (implanting electrodes to stimulate or suppression activities in the brain)
-ECT (good when medications don't work)
-pharmacologcial treatments |
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What are the contributions of the biological model |
-biologcial factors contribute to metal illness -less stigma associated with mental illness (no control over it cause it is brought closer to biological illnesses like heart disease) -number of assesment strategies and treatments that address them and are effective -brings mental illness and its focuses and in lines with medicine practices |
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What are some of the shortcomings of the biological model |
-limited coverage ( not only biological factors)
-not comprehensive theory of behavior (doesn't explan behaviours from a developmental point of view)
-no room for other diagnostic techniques that are also informative
-no room for other equally effective treatment options |
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What is the psychodynamic model |
Behavior results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors *******- factors affect Behavior by influencing unconscious and conscious psychological processes (psychi) (psychological processes)***** -Freud -come closer to behavioural and biological models |
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What do unconscious psychological processes involve (psychi) |
May involvr internal conflicts, impulses(sexual) and motives are important -most are unconscious |
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What did Freud contribute to the psychodynamic model |
Structures of the mind -id (pleasure principle) -ego (relatity principle) (intermediator) -super ego (morality principle) Defense mechanisms Psychosexual Stages -5 different stages that must be met to maintain life and be met before the next |
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What did Jung do |
Archtypes and collective unconscious -socail unconscious that is passed on by generations -what is it to be a male or female (Separated from frued)
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What did Adler do |
Inferiority complex -birth order affects behavior -how we are treated affects are behaviors (Seperated from Freud) |
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Who are Neo Freudians |
-have major disagreements with Freud -more emphasis to other things |
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Who was Anna Freud |
Ego psychology -focused on the ego and its role in making our lives in a more adjusted way -furtherded defensive mechanisms |
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What did Melanie Klein and Margaret Mahler |
Object relations -our internal representations of objects partically individuals in our lives -how do we visualize and relatie to these individuals -had issues with psychosexual stages -were against the views of women and penis envy - |
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What did Karen Horney, Erich Fromm and Erik Erikson |
Social relations -what the socialites influence our behavior We have 2 major issues -want to be free and individuality -we want to belong |
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What are the psychosocial stages |
-8 of them -they don't have a fixaction -when it is resolved it affects the future stage -if u resolve the task successfully you develop a virtue -if not your develop a vice |
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Psychodynamic model contributions |
-the role of psychological factors (brought somthing new to the perspective of psychology) -influneced understanding of human behavior -techniques of assessment and treatment (still used and mettit) |
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Psychodynamic model shortcomings |
-not scientific (many of the concepts are hard to define so they can't be converted to scientific means) -lack of scientific evidence (hard to study as they can go both ways) (hard to test) -pessimistic approach to human nature -focus on abnormal (rather than healthy behavior) -effectivness of therapy debatable |
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What is the Behavioral Model |
Advocates learning plays a major role in the development of any behavior, including abnormal behaviors - continuous link between normal and abnormal - |
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What are the two forms of learning |
-classical conditioning (Pavlov) (deals with biological behavior and tie it to an environment stimulus) -operant conditioning (behavior affected by consequences, reinforcement/ punishment) |
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What is the third form of learning |
Observational learning (social learning) -organism can learn through watching others - cognitive processes (paying attention to other person and retaning the info) -enviroment plays a role as the person may have motivation to perform because of an reward. -may learn but not show it cause they are not motivated -focuses on covert behavior (initially was rejected then behaviororal model changed) |
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Know |
According to the behavioral model, biological, and organism related factors, set the parameters for learning, but the environment in which the behaviour is learned is the key -antacedent stimuli (before) -consequence stimuli (after) |
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Behavioral model assessment and treatments |
-model uses behavior assessment techniques (SORC) (identifying antecedents, what the organism brings, conditions following) -treatment techniques are various type of beha therapies (just focus on behavior) (Systematic desentization-changing conditions that leads to a decrease) (Aversive conditioning -by paring the reward no longer provides reward) |
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What is SORC model of assessment |
-stimulus factors -organism faco -response factors -consequence factors |
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Behavioral model contributions |
-evidence of learning as a factor in behavior -enviroment important -emphasizes empirical data and research( replication) -assessmrnt and treatment techniques |
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Behavioral model shortcomings |
-overemphasis of learning and enviroment -can create certain symptoms in yhe lab it does not generalize to all -limited utility in explaining complex behaviors of humans -assessment tools have limitations (doesnt include personality or intelligence or biological assessment) -therapies may not always effective or lasting (somthing else may pop up) |
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What is the cognitive model |
Focuses on -contents of thoughts (people who have mental illness may have content thoughts that are different from other people) -dysfunxtions in processing info as the cause of mental illness (attention) (environment) |
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Wjat did Beck do |
Cogntive model of depressive disorders -Maladaptive Schemas and cognitive distortions -early stages develop a certain way of looking at life (maladaptive schemas) -some trigger creates a negative approach that continues where they see themselves and the world in a pessimisive approach (negative cognitive traid) -errors in thinking -negative automatic thoughts |
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What did Albert Ellis |
Irrational emotive therapy -people with mental illness have irrational beliefs that must be changed |
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What did Seligman( learned helplessness model) , Abramson and alloy do |
Attributional style -making attributions to events and how we interpret them -how we view things -kind of attributes made during negative experiences (internal attributes) -general attributes (external attributes -stable vs instable -hoplessness |
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Cognitive model contributions |
-cogntive factors highlighted -lends itself to research -empirical support -cognitive therapies |
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Cogntive model shortcomings |
-does not focus on other factors -incomplete as it doesn't answer how and why -other models see these as symptoms and this model see them as causes -thearapies are not always effective (changing cogntions does not always translate to behaviour) -covert behaviors are difficult to assess |
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What is the cogntive behavioral model |
Is an extension of the behavioral model but is influenced by cognitive Psychology |
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The cause of mental illness in a cognitive behavioral model |
The cause of mental illness is seen as learned, maladaptive overt and covert (cogntions and emotions) behaviors, or adaptive behaviors (both covert and overt) that are either not learned or utilized -adaptation to the environment |
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Environment in cogntive behavoural model |
Environment still plays a role in setting the context for learning, but according to this view the individual also affects the environment (Antecedents and consequences) (Individual has a say in behavior) (Interaction between environment and individual) |
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What are the contributions of the cogntive behavioral model |
-individuals given an active role -empirical support (opens up sicitific study) -provided techniques used assessment -popular and provides effective treatment strategies |
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Shortcomings of congtivr behavior model |
-doesnt focus in other factors known to contribute to mental illness -covert behaviors difficult to measure |
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Know |
Psychodynamic models Behavioural models act as a response (2nd force) Humanistic models act as a response (3rd fouce as the other two see humans in a negative view) |
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What is a Humanistic modle |
Has the following premises -human consciousness unique (psychi) -reality is subjective -people are inherently good, have capacity for creativity, personal growth and freedom -live a purposeful life -we r in control |
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Why do we have psychological problems |
Psychological problems results when people are prevented from reaching their potential -dont have mental issues but Psychological problems (problems of livinging) |
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Who are existentialist |
Emphasize human uniqueness and subjective experience but different in that less positive in their view of people -giving meaning to life is something we choice |
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What do existentialists argue |
That humans have responsibility and choice to live their lives in a meaningful (authentic) way -when we fail we alienation from self results in existential crisis -as we buy into society we move away from our potential and leads to problems |
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What did Maslow do |
Hierarchy of needs -self actualization needs we work towards -lower end needs are biological needs that need to be met -may not meet potential as thry are busy tying to meet lower needs |
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What did Rogers do |
Fully functioning person -authentic person -hard to achieve Client centered therapy -therapist takes a passive role and emphasizes with clinet to get the person to except themselves and reach potential |
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Who was Fritz Perls |
Gestalt psychology -guude clients to self recognition and acceptance of themselves -rely on role playing -emphasizes emotion expression -emphasizes here and now and subjective experience |
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Who was R D Laing (existentialist) |
-humanistic treatment -subjective experience important -madness is a journey to self healing -mental disorder needs to be recognized and is an individual trying to heal themselves |
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Who was Victor Frankl (existentialist) |
-survived constritation camp -book entitled "mans search for meaning" -logotherapy (form of existential analysis of purpose and find happiness) |
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Contributions of humanistic model |
-is a postive approach to human psychi and emphasizes goodness -power is given to the individual -active agents in our own destiny -emphasis in uniqueness -emphases health |
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Shortcomings of humanistic model |
-premises difficult to tie to the goal of science to achieve general laws -it can not be tested scientificlly -therapies more appropriate for challenges of living -client centered therapy questionable |
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What us the sociocultural model |
Emphasizes the impact that belonging to certain groups in the society has on group members |
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How can these effects be seen |
1) social labels and social roles -deviantion (mental illness) from normals of society leads to labels -labels affect people's lives negatively 2) social networks -negative messages received from others can contribute to mental illness (Can be positive or negative) (Socail rejection and depression)
3) family dynamics and communication -dysfunction may lead to mental illness or make it worse (being around people) 4) attitudes towards specific groups (Depression more in girls) |
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Sociocultural model contributions |
-empasizes the role of sociocultural factors in abnormal behavior -supported by empirical evidence -increases awareness of the societys role in mental illness and may promote prevention and intervention |
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Sociocultural model shortcomings |
-does not focus on other factors -identifies the role of sociocultural factors but not how and why -not a theory of behavior |
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What is the systems theory (influences biopsychoscial model) |
Incotpartes -principle of wholeness (provides defintion if a given system) (what are its components and its boundaries)
-principle of hierarchical organization (Each system is part of a larger system that can be arranged in smaller to larger)
-principle of structural analysis (What a given system is and where it is placed) |
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What are static models |
Only focus on 1 or two factors but not on how they interact |
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What is the systems theory (influences biopsychoscial model) |
Principle of interdependence (if one system changes it effects the others)
Principe of activity (All systems are constantly changing and dynamic)
Principle of self-transformation and self maintenance (Systems have the ability to transform themselves) |
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What is the biopsychoscial Model |
Focuses on the biological, psychological and sociocultural factors of a system (individual) -each system as such can be devided into its components -there is interactions between systems but also between different components in each system (change over time and dynamic) -keeps things as broad as possible |
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Biopsychoscial model causes of mental illness |
There many be different factors involved in mental illness for each individual, and the interactions among these factors may vary from one individual to another -principle of equifinality (many potential routes to a given behavior) -focuses on health and illness |
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Know |
Biopsychoscial model is -multifactorial -wholistic (focuses on system) -includes micro and macro level analysis -look at present and overtime |
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What is the principle of multifinality |
There are many possible outcomes associated with a given behavior |
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What are the contributions of the biopsychoscial model |
-more comprehensive -wholistic -multilevel analysis -recognizes many routes -recognizes many outcomes -dynamic model -assessment ongoing process -multidisiplinary approach -open communication (between many experts) -patient role active |
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Shortcomings of the biopsychoscial model |
-interactions makes things complex -nit easy to use both from research and clinical points if view -does not go beyond the social/cultural environment (physical model) -mutiple team members becomes a problem of communication |
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What is assessment |
Involves the process through which conditions gather data about a patient's symptoms by the use of tests, observations, interviews or other assessment tools |
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What info is gathered |
-the nature of yhr problem both past and present -characteristics of thr patient as a system -characteristics of the larger system that interacts with the patient characteristics (family) |
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What are the goals of assessment |
-identifying and describing symptoms -determining thr severity of symptoms -come up with a diagnosis (May help us communicate with others) |
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What do we need to understand about assessment |
-identifying the factors that are contributing to the problem -identifying an appropriate treatment plan -evaluaring the treatment outcome (is a continuous process) |
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Biological factors in assessment |
Biological factors May contribute to psychological problems either as causal factors or as part of the symptom pattern |
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What do medical records do as an assessment of biological factors |
Provide information about present and past medical history |
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How Medical examination do as an assessment of biological factors |
Provides information about present health status |
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What are the 3 techniques available for clinical assessment |
-brain imaging techniques -neuropsychological tests -psychophysiological techniques |
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brain imaging techniques |
Use technology to study -structures of the brain (static brain imaging) -functioning of thr brain (dynamic brain imaging) |
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What are the techniques used to study the structure of thr brain |
CAT Scans -use radiation to create a 3d model of the brain MRI -use megnatic fields and radio waves to create 3d model |
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Techniques used to study the functioning of tge brain |
PET scan -using radioactive substance injected into the blood and goes where the blood goes -more blood in areas the more active and the more radioactivity
fMRI -uses magnetic fields, oxygenated hemoglobin vs deoxygenated hemoglobin -can also look at the structure
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What are the advantages about these techniques |
Provide information about the brains structural and functional problems |
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What are the disadvantages of these techniques |
-availability and accessibility is limited -expensive -somwhat invasive -may produce anxiety |
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What are the neuropsychological tests |
Test involves the use of a variety of devices to measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and Motor Performance as cues the extent and location of brain damage |
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What are single tests of organicity |
-short tests -tell us if there is a brain abnormality -rule out brain issues
TRAIL test -connect the dots. -a person whos brain functions normally will do it in a short amount of time without error
Bender-Gastalt -ten cards that they have to reproduce
Benton visual retention test -look at card and see figure and your have to redraw without looking at it |
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What are neuropsychological batteries tesf |
-several different tests make the batteries -take longer
2 kinds 1) Halstead Reitan -MMPI -More popular and developed in North America -longer 8-9 hours
2) Luria Nebraska -developed in soviet union and remained it in America -shorter |
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What are some advantages of neuropsychological batteries tests |
-providd info about the functioning of the brain and relate it to behaviour -less expensive, more accessible than brain imaging techniques |
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What are the disadvantages of neuropsychological batteries tes |
-only applicable to cortical functions -do not cover all areas of thr cortex -admininistration time long -requires patient cooperation and motivation |
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psychophysiological techniques |
Based on the recording of the activity of various organ systems such as the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and mucles |
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Why use these techniques |
They act as a an index for emotional arousal in a given situation (phobias) (replace with relaxation) -part of psychophyshical treatment |
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What are the advantages psychophysiological techniques |
-info about emotional state -info about the symptoms of psychophysiological disorders -may be used in some treatments -may be affected to a lessor extent by voluntary control -many are noninvasive |
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What are the disadvantages of psychophysiological techniques |
-requires equipment -more expensive technology than psychological assessment strategies -can be intimidating to some -responses of different systems vary -influenced by sex, race and psychological factors -indicate generalized arousal not specific emotions in most instances |
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What are the 3 types of psychosocial assessment |
Are used in assessing psychological and social systems 1)interviews 2)observations 3)self report measures |
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What is an interview |
Assessment technique used to gather information about the patient's past and present behavior Can also be used to gather information about the functioning of social systems (Essential part of any assessment) (rely on) - first there is an intake interview when they first come in to find symptoms |
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3 kinds of interviews |
1)structured - specific questions ahead of time -everyone gets the same questions in the same order 2) semi structured - conination of the two
3) unstructured -start with general questions and become more specific as they give info -accounts for uniqueness - can't compare one interview with another or wont work if administrator doesn't have a clear map in brain (For DSM 5 there are structural structured interveiws |
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What is an example of a semi structured interveiw |
Mental status exam Focuses on -apperance ans behavior -speech -mood and affect -intellectual functioning -sensorium (do they know where they are, awareness) |
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What are the advantages of interviews |
-info from patients perspective -time efficient, practical -info about behaviors that aren't directly observable -observe nonverbal behaviors |
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What are the disadvantages of interviews |
-patient willing and able -information provided is subjective -open to biases (social desirability) -interviewer related biasis |
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What is observation |
Direct observation of the patient or the social system provides further information regarding the nature of behaviors that are of interest |
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What can affect observation |
Internal validity (measuring what its supposed to) External validity (generalizability) |
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What are the 2 kinds of observations |
Formal (human standard system) -use rating scales or coding systems to quantify behavior Informal (used in mental status exam) |
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What is needed of coding and rating systems |
-clear -concise -reliable -valid |
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What are the advantages of observation |
-observe behavior directly -can be more objective than interviews or self report measures |
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What are the disadvantages of observation |
-time consuming and expensive -not possible for some behaviors -reactivity may influence behavior -open to error in observation and recording -may not generalize to other situations |
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What are some self report measures |
-questionaires -checklists -rating scales -diaries used in self monitoring |
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What is thr Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire |
Selplf report instrument made of 125 yes or no questions that screens individuals 18 years or older |
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What is the beck depression inventory |
21 multiple choice measuring symptoms of depression |
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What are self report measures used for |
To collect info about behaviors, mood states, thoughts, compulsions, attitudes and fears -also assess behaviors of larger systems like families, peer relations (Can't just rely on these) |
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What are the advantages of self report measures |
-supplement information through other means -efficient in collecting info on a specific topic |
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What are the disadvantages of self report |
-info is subjective -responses can be influneced by biases such as social desirability (look good) -limitied utility, not meant to replace other techniques |
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Psychological tests |
-deal with constructes that are not overtly available to us -measures to constructs of the individual |
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4 things to look at that determines a good measure |
1) standardization (must be administer or interpolated in a way that doesn't vary) 2) normalization (compare scores to those who are simular) 3) reliability (concictancy of responses) (no variation from one score to another for 1 person)
4) varatibiliy (whether the test is measuring what it is supposed to) |
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4 things to look at that determines a good measure |
1) standardization (must be administer or interpolated in a way that doesn't vary) 2) normalization (compare scores to those who are simular) 3) reliability (concictancy of responses) (no variation from one score to another for 1 person)
4) varatibiliy (whether the test is measuring what it is supposed to) |
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What are the two general categories of psychological tests |
Intelligence tests Personality tests |
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When are intelligence tests used |
To assess -intellectual functioning of the patient -whether organic factors contribute to the symptoms |
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What are the two broadly used intelligence tests |
Stanford Binet -in England and taken over at Stanford
Wechsler Scales
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What are 4 index used in the Wechsler Scales |
1) verbal comprehension index 2)perceptual reasoning index 3) working memory index 4)processing speed index |
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Disadvantages of intelligence tests |
-affected by culture -what is considered intelligence (construct wise) |
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What are the 2 classifications of personality tests |
Projective tests Objective tests |
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What are projective tests |
-unstructued stimuli are presented to a subject -they project meaning onto it -projections revesl hidden motives Exs -rorschach tests (ink cards) (didnt follow psychodynamic theory) -thmatic apperception test (story cards) -sentence completion tests |
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What are objective tests |
-subject is required to read and respond to itemized statements and questions -response provided are scored and interpreted in an objective fashion Ex. -CPI -NEO (5 factor model of personality) (Anytime) -MMPI, MMPI-2 (clinical disorders) -MMIP-A -milon clinical multiaxial inventory (muti personality disorder) |
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What are the advantages of personality tests |
Provide info about constructs known to influence behavior but can not be accessible directly |
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What are the disadvantages of personality tests |
-require cooperation of the patient -some tests requirr training to adminstor, score and interpret -some may not have all the characteristics of a good test or used for the right person |
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What is classification |
To subdivide or organize a set of objects |
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What is taxonomy look up |
Classify when using scientific definitions and principles of similarity and different |
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Look up |
In a medical setting -we use a |
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2 kinds of classification |
Categorical -differences in kind (quality) -uses differences between member of a group to fork categories (sex) Dimensional -focuses on a particular characteristic and determines the amount that is given off a an object (quantity) |
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Diagnosis |
System based on categories -categories based on shared attributes or relations |
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DSM |
-takes a biological view -harmanizes with ICD in 1968 had a psychodynamic approach -reliabity and validity was difficult for first 2 -with 3rd it has mager changes and takes an atheoretical approach |
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DSM 5 |
-joint effort between APA and NIMH (not like before) -prototypic approach -empirically grouped approach (field studies each stage) -based on medical model -atheoretical orientation -descriptive approach -categotocal approach -21 categories (over 400) |
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Subcategories must include |
Severity of the disorder is needed to be indicated -rating scales appropriate for thr disorder indicating the degree of impairment |
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