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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anxiety |
Situations where there is a threat -physical tension |
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What is fear |
A situation where there is danger (fight vs flight response) -alarm response (stronger) |
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What are anxiety disorders |
Class of psychological disorders characterized by excessive or maladaptive reactions associated with anxiety or fear -can compromise their functioning -experinece distress |
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How do anxiety disorders differ |
-what causes fear, anxiety or avoidance behaviors -associated cognitions |
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What is included in the DSM 5 category of anxiety disorders |
Panic disorder Specific phobia (simple phobia) Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) Agoraphobia Generalized anxiety disorder Separation anxiety disorder Selective mutism |
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What is two things to keep in mind that maybe causing anxiety disorder |
Due to a medical condition Due to substances or medication |
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What is other specified anxiety disorder |
Where we think an anxiety disorder is present but it doesn't quite meet the criteria |
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What is unspecified anxiety disorder |
We are waiting for more information so they don't want to put a label on it -think it is an anxiety disorder however |
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What is epidemiology |
How a disorder is distributed in a population |
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What is panic |
A sudden experience of fear and acute discomfort which involves intense physical sensations often happening without a specific stimulus
-A sudden change in functioning |
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What is a panic disorder |
Anxiety disorder characterized by repeated episodes of panic attacks and the anxiety associated -avoidance of situation |
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What do panic attacks involve |
Unexpected, spontaneous experiences of intense fear or discomfort with physical symptoms |
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What is the diagnostic criteria for a panic attack |
Surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak in a few minutes
4 of the 13 symptoms during this time -heart palpitations (rapid heart rate) -sweating -trembling or shaking -shortness of breath -choking sensations -chest pain -feelings of nausea -numbness and tingling (Symptoms of a heartache so more likely to to seek emergency help) -chills or hot flashes -dizziness or unsteadiness
-derealization or depersonalization -fear of losing control -fear of dying |
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What is derealization and despersonalization |
derealization -strangeness or unreality about one's surroundings
despersonalization -detachment from self |
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For a diagnosis of panic disorder they must have repeated unexpected attacks and at least one of the attacks much be followed by one of the following... |
1) at least a month of persistent fear of subsequent attacks
2) worry about the implications or consequences of the attack
3) significant change in behavior |
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What should also be kept in mind for an panic disorder |
That the didturbance can not be attributable to physiological effects of substances or medical condtion or another mental disorder |
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Epidemiology of panic disorder |
2-3% point prevalence in 12 months (underestimated) (common)
Lower in Asian, African and Latin countries
Twice as common in women
Onset in adolescence and peak in adulthood
Rare in childhood and old age |
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What is prevalence |
Distribution of illness in a population -how many people have it in a population -all cases -want higher than incidence
Lifetime prevalence is the proportion of a population who, at some point in life has had the illness (greater than point)
Point prevalence is a single assessment at a fixed point in time (month) |
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What is incidence |
Number of new cases in a population during a period of time |
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What disorders does panic disorder connect with |
Agoraphobia Social and specific phobias Generalized anxiety disorder Depression Substance abuse problems |
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How does the biological model affect panic disorder |
Panic disorder is an unlearned alarm reaction activated by a biochemical dysfunction in the brains circuts -circuts responsible for breathing (so we don't have to)
Genetics play a moderate roll (MZ twins have higher concordance rate)
50% of people with panic disorder also have relatives with it |
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How do panic disorder individuals differ physiologically from normal people |
Hyperventilation Carbon dioxide infusion Lactate infusion (abnormal metabolic rate for oxygen in parts of brain) |
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Parts of the brain that influence panic disorder |
Limbic system (amygdala, hypothalamus) Periaquaductal gray matter (mid brain) Locus or coeruleus (hind brain) (Over activity) |
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What neurotransmitters are involved in the panic disorder |
High norepinephrine (monoamine) Low serotonin (monoamine) Low GABA (amino acids) (inhibitory) |
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What is suffocation false alarm theory by Donald Klein (biological theory) |
Suffocation alarm system monitors oxygen abs carbon dioxide levels -whrn ratio of gages is abnormal the alarm is activated
Panic disorder individuals have an overly sensitive alarm system that misfires -the misfiring is perceived as suffocation causing hyperventilation -leading to other symptoms through sympathetic stimulation |
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What is the behavioral model of panic disorder |
Builds an association between panic attacks and neutral internal or external cues in a given situation through classicial conditioning (learning) -inital panic becomes associated with stimuli present and become conditioned
-leads to anticipatory anxiety and agoraphobic fears |
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What is the cogntive model of panic disorders |
Focuses on cognitive factors -uncontrollably increases anxiety -unpredictability increased changes |
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What did Clark propose |
Catastrophic interpretation of bodily sensations trigger sympathetic activation (fear response) Physiological arousal experience leads to worry and apprehension -further increases arousal creating a vicious cycle |
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Treatment for panic disorders |
Medications -antidepresdant -SSRIs (increasing serotonin) -anti anxiety (GABA) -benzodiazepebes
Therapy -cogntive and cogntive- behavior therapies
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What are phobias |
Is a fear of an object or situation that is dispraportionate to the threat it poses |
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What is agoraphobia |
Fear or public places -fear of being in places where escaping may be difficult or help isn't available (trapped) -aviode situations where they feel this -provoked fear and anxiety -more likely to be home bond -fear is out of proportion to danger posed |
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What is the DSM 5 criteria for agoraphobia situations |
Fear or anxiety about two or more of the 5 situations 1) public transportation 2) open places 3) enclosed places 4) standing in line or crowd 5) being outside of the home |
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Agoraphobia DSM 5 criteria |
Fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent and lasting 6 months or more -causes distress and impairment
Is not due to another medical condition or mental disorder |
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What is the epidemiology of agoraphobia |
Life time prevalence is 1% (rare when alone) Does not differ across cultures Twice as common in females Onset in early twenties and thirties May happen in childhood but rare |
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What is the etiology of agoraphobia |
Runs in families -close female relatives with it are more at risk
Genetics has a stronger contribution than in other phobias and other anxiety disorder - 30-40% accounted for variance -heritability estimate is 61% |
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Behavioral model in agoraphobia |
Suggest a learned behavior -neutral stimulus is conditioned to fear experienced in a traumatic situation (classic condtioning) -maintance happens through avoidance with negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)
Fear is triggered by a false alarm activating sympathic system |
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What are the treatment of agoraphobia |
Pharmacological aids Exposure theory (learn to control fear) Social support |
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What is specific phobia |
An excessive and persistent fear or anxiety of a specific object or situation |
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What is the criteria for specific phobias |
-fear or anxiety of a specific object or situation -object always provokes immediate fear or anxiety -object is actively avoided or endured with intense anxiety or fear
-is out of proportion -persistent for 6 months -causes distress or impairment -not due to other mental disorder |
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What are the 5 different types of specific phobia |
Animal type (number 1) Natural enviroment type Blood injection or injury type Situational type Other type |
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What is the epidemiology of specific phobias |
US general population 12 month prevelance is 7-9% (common)
Life time prevelance is 12%
Lower in African, Asian and Latin countries
More in females (2:1) -ingury/blood injection has no difference
Onset differs based on type but in childhood and adulthood |
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Etiology biological factors in specific phobia |
Genetics may predispose one to develop phobias -modest genetic contribution except for blood injury phobia -may affect the speed and strength of conditioning |
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What is the preparedness hypothesis |
Advocates the survival value of certain fears from an evolutionary point of view -stay away from certain objects -phobias may be a survival element - conditioned to fear spiders faster |
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What is the behavioral model of specific phobias |
Focuses on learning Sensitization through association learning and a lack of habituation -generalization
Classical conditioning is involved on Onset and operant conditioning is used to maintain it
Watching a phobic person behave fearfully may transmit to fear (vicarious conditioning, modeling)
Individual differences play a role in conditioning -events before and during affect level (severity) -how we respond |
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Cognitive model in specific phobias |
Focuses on cognitive factors like interpretations, attribution, in the develop of phobias -predictability and controllability can effect fear and anxiety levels -self efficacy (experience in situations we feel control, believe in ourself) |
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Treatment of specific phobias |
Most effective treatment is cognitive behavioral interventions
exposure treatments including -systematic desensitization (relaxation response) -flooding -modeling |
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What is social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |
Involves servere persistent and irrational fear or anxiety about social or performance situations -people around -people view us negatively |
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What do people with social anxiety disorder feel |
Dread being in social situations Fear scrutiny and negative evaluations Fear being humiliated or embarrassed (People are the object) |
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What is the criteria of social anxiety disorder |
Fear or anxiety in one or more social situations where they are exposed to public scrutiny -fear they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated -situations always provoke fear or anxiety Aviode situations or endure anxiety or fear Anxiety is out of proportion Persistent for 6 or more months Not due to medical conditions, effects of substances or other mental disorders |
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What is the epidemiology of social anxiety disorder |
Point prevalence in US for 12 months is 7% (common) Life time prevalence is 12% -Lower estimates between .05- 2% in other parts of the world More common in women -In clinical populations it is equal or higher in men Onset is early childhood and adolescence (13) Happens with other anxiety disorders, depression or substance abuse |
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Biological model on social anxiety disorder |
Genetics plays a modest role - variance is 30% Temperament factors may play a role -BIS may be involved -may interact with enviroment such as overprotective upbringing |
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Behavioral model of social anxiety disorder |
Development= classical conditioning and modeling Maintenance= operant conditioning |
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Cogntive model in social anxiety disorder |
Focuses on a schema for expectations of rejection and negative evaluation from others -people with disorder hold beliefs they are unattractive, socially incompetent and inadequate so they expect to be always behaving incompetently in social settings - increased anxiety affects behavior reinforcing in competence These beliefs lead to social catastrophy and leads to avodice (self fulfilling prophecy) Rumination (look back) |
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2 goals of Treatments of social anxiety disorder |
1) reduce fears which can be achieved with anti-depressants combined with psychotherapy 2) teaching social skills through cogntive-behavioral strategies (exposure theory) -assertiveness training -social skills training -modeling -role playing -homewkrk assignments |
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What is the generalized anxiety disorder |
Involves a condition when worrying and anxiety becomes -overencompassing -chronic -excessive -unreasonable (Anxious apprehension) (Threat is hanging over head) Person is continually worried and affected by the anxiety |
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Most common worries of Generalized anxiety disorder |
Family Work Finance Health |
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What is the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder |
Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events -cant control worry 3 of the 6 somatic symptoms (1 out of 6 for children) for 6 months -restlessness -easily tired -dufficulity concentrating -irritability -muscle tension -sleep dusturbance Distress and impairment Not due to medical condtion or effects of substances or other mental illness Anxiety is not tired to a specific event |
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What is the epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder |
US prevalence is 2.9% for 12 month 3% for 12 month and 9% life time for Canada Life time prevalence is 5.7% (Fairly common) Underestimation as more seek help in medial offices More common in women Age of Onset childhood but not uncommon in later years -Peak period middle age -across all ages Cultural variation Occurs with anxiety and depressive disorders |
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Buologjcal factors in generalizated anxiety disorder |
Genetics plays a modest role -tends to run in families -anxiety sensitivity us heritable |
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What are the Bain dysfuntions involved in the biological model in generalized anxiety disorder |
Functional deficiency of GABA (reduces anxiety) (inhibitory NT) -may be a cause or a covariate
Other NTs like serotonin ans norepinephrine may be involved
Limbic circuts particularly amygdala shoe overactivity Endocrime system dysfunction -cortical is a coolent for anxiety -corticotropin relaxing hormone from hypothesis |
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Behavioral model in generalized anxiety disorder |
Focuses on history ans events that are uncomfortable and unpredictable that lead to a hypervigilant state |
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What is the cogntive model in generalized anxiety disorder |
results from an maladaptive assumption which may cause sufferers to overreact -stressful experiences can further reinforce |
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What is intolerance of uncertainty model of Generalized anxiety disorder |
A picture is created of a person who is sufferening (Threats coming, can't live with ambiguity) -intolerance of uncertainty -postive beliefs about worry -poor problem solving -cognitive avoidance |
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What is cognitive avoidance theory in generalized anxiety disorder |
Focuses on worry which can serves as a postice function Worry involves -chain of thoughts or images -associated with a negative affect -relativity uncontrollable 1) may be a way to prevent band events from happening (worry is reinforced) 2) may dampen physiological responses associated with anxiety (don't play as much attention to worry as you would) -worry helps distract from emotional topics |
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What is the sociocultural model in generalized anxiety disorder |
Focuses on societal conditions like poverty and threatening environments promote worry and the associated physiological arousal |
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What is the treatment for generalized anxiety disorder |
Anti anxiety medications (benzodiazepebes) (decreasing over activity in the amygdala) Relaxation meditation techniques Cogntive behavioral interventions |
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What is separation anxiety disorder |
Anxiety in children (minimum of a month for kids and 6 for adults) Excessive fear and anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures Anxiety exceeds what might be expected (stops at 3) -cant function properly as they are working about care givers -worry about well being of care giver, getting lost or kidnapped Fear of being alone, sleep away from home, nightmares of separation Can be physical symptoms |
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What is selectice |
Have no challenges in ability to speak but don't speak in some situations -interferes with education or occupational achievement or social communication |
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Obsessive conclusive disorder |
Was under anxiety disorder but has changed and made into a new category of obsessive compulsive and related disorders |
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What is included in the obsessive compulsive and related disorders |
OCD Body dysmorphic disorder Hoarding Trichotillomania (hair pulling) Excoriation (skin picking) Substances or medicated OCD OCD due to medical conditions Unspecified OCD |
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What us OCD |
Anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions or both |
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What are obsessions |
Recurring thought, image, impulse that the individual can't control -unwanted and intrusive -persistent , excessive and distressing Common obsessions -fears of contamination -fear of harming oneself or others -realted to religion, aggression or sex |
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What are compulsions |
Are repetitive or ritualistic behaviors or mental acts that the person feels compelled to perform -An metal act or behavior that is used to neutralize ignore or suppress obsessions -doesn't have to be tired to obsessions Common compulsions -cleaning -checking -repeating -ordering -arranging -counting -hoardinf |
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What is the criteria for OCD |
Presence or obsessions or compulsions or both Time consuming (more than an hour a day) Distressing or causing impairment of functioning Not due to medical condtion, substance or psychological disorder |
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What are the speficifers of OCD |
Involve description of insight to benefits -good or fair insight (beliefs are definitely or probably true) -poor insight (beliefs are probably true) -absent insight/ delusional beliefs (beliefs are completely true) |
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What is the epidemiology of OCD |
Life time prevalence is 1.6% Point prevalence is 1.2% (Not as common as other disorders)
Equally common in men and women -boys are more likely to develop earlier and more intensely in boys
Could be a neurological disorder -50% with OCD have tics -5 to 15% have tourettes syndrome
Onset adolescence or really adulthood -can occur in childhood
Happens with anxiety and mood disorders
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What is the behavioral model in OCD |
Genetics contribute moderately -higher rate of OCD if have a first degree relative has it -higher concordance rates in MZ twin (68% vs 31%) |
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What is the brain dysfunction in behavior model in OCD |
Abnormal activity in parts of Basal ganglia (linked to compulsions), orbitalfrontal cortex (obbsessions) and cingulate gyrus (obsession) |
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What are the neurotransmitter dysfunctions in the cogntive model in OCD |
Involvement of serotonin synapses in OCD -dopamine plays a role - GABA (inhibitory) and glutamate (excitatory) may play a secondary role (Anti depressant helps with serotonin and dopamine) |
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What is the evolutionary perspective of OCD |
An evolutionary basis for obsessions -may apply to potentially dangerous situations -no longer servers this survival purpose |
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What is the behavioral model in OCD |
Mental stimuli become associated with frightening thoughts and experiences through classical conditioning
Complusions reduce anxiety and reinforce behavior through operant conditioning
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What is the cognitive model in OCD |
People exaggerate importance of a thought and respond to it as though it represents an actual threat Thought action fusion (believe that thinking of something and acting on it are the same thing) |
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What are the 6 domains that play a role in the development of obsessions from intrusive thoughts |
1) inflated personal responsibility 2) exaggerated importance of thought 3)importance of controlling one's thoughts 4) overestimation of threat 5) intolerance of uncertainty 6) perfectionism |
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What is rachmans cognitive model of OCD |
Are catastrophic misinterpretions of the personal significance of thoughts are.the main cause of the development and maintenance of obsessions. -become afraid of their thoughts -are intrusive -use compulsions to neutralize anxiety of thoughts |
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What is thought suppression |
Trying to distract ones self, forget that thought but focusing on something else The more we try to suppress the more it comes to mind and increase OCD symptoms |
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Treatment for OCD |
Multimodal approach -anti depressants -cogntive behavioral therapy (exposure response prevention approach) -in some cases neurosurgery |
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What is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) |
-did not exist was part of somatic disorders Characterized by preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws that are not observable or appear slightly to others -obsessed -concerned with apperance -feel ashamed -aviod activities of fear other people seeing defect |
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What do people will BDD do |
Spend hours examining themselves
Take extreme measures to correct defect
Undergo invasive unnecessary medical procedures |
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Common body parts affected by BDD |
Can be any part of the body Common ones are -skin -hair -appwarance of the face -mouth -nose -eyes (Different than eating disorders which are limited to weight) |
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What is the criteria for BDD |
Preoccupation with one or more flaws in physical appearance that are slight to others
At some point they perform repetitive behaviors or mental acts (comparing) in response to appearance concerns
Causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational and functioning
Is not explained by eating disorder criteria Specify if with mucle dysmorphic (men) Specify if with good or fair, poor or absent insight including delusional beliefs |
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What is thr epidemiology of BDD |
Point prevalence in US is 2.4% Medical range 7 to 16% Affrcts both sexes equally Age of Onset is early childhood and adolescence (15) -most common 12-13 Associated with major depressive diagnosis |
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What is thr etiology of BDD |
Genetic is suspected (not as strong) -15 to 20% prevalence amoing first degree relatives BDD may have abnormalities in brain regions simular to OCD -is closely related to OCD and eating disorders Serotonin dysfunction -imbalance in other NTs like dopamine, GABA Emphasis on appearance in early childhood years (family, peer groups) -culture |
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Treatments of BDD |
Anti depressant Cogntive behavioral treatment focused on exposure and response (Try to change their protection) |
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What is hoarding disorder |
People feel they must save items that have no value and they experience distress if they try to discard them -attachemnt to environment -accumulation of clutter in living areas and causes distress and imparies functioning |
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What are the treatment for hoarding disorder |
Must change enviroment and the individuals views Uses cogntive behavioral therapies -medication is not very common |
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What is tricholomania (hair pulling) |
People pull out hair from scalp, eye brows, eye lashes, other body parts -when a stressful event happens that is a trigger it acts as a compulsion to reduce anxiety and stress -some follow a specific ritual Not evidence of biological factors -medications don't help -have to move the individual away from this and reduce stress |
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What is Excoriation (skin picking) |
People pick with fingers usually a specific area of thr body -most often is the face Stress and anxiety cause it -Drecress Stress and anxiety -establish healthy alternatives |
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What is included in the trauma and stressor related disorder categories |
Reactive attachment disorder Disinhibited social engagement disorder Adjustment disorder Acute stress disorder Post traumatic stress disorder Other specified trauma and stressor related disorder Ubspecifed trauma and stressor related disorder |
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What is reactive attachment disorder |
Diagnose children who show consistent inhibited emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult care givers
-normal child will be distressed when care giver leaves and happy when it's back (secure attachment)
A child has not developed secure attachment that is expected (insecurally attachment) -may do to abuse or neglect |
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What is disinhibited social engagement disorder |
A pattern of behavior in which consistency a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults -child doesn't differentiate a Stanger from a care giver May involve neglect or abuse |
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What is the adjustment disorder |
Development of emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressors with 3 months of the Onset of a stressors -changes in functioning -goss past normal time |
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criteria for adjustment disorder |
Emotional and behavioral symptoms need to be clinically significant by either marked distress -out of proportion -imparement of functioning 6 month period where symptoms continue even after stressor is gone Not due to another metal disorder Symptoms don't represent normal bereavement Some people may be more presesposed to stessors |
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What is a traumatic event |
The event needs to involve an actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violation, or a threat to the physical injury of self or others |
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For trauma to happen what are the 4 situations that it must take place in |
1) directly experiencing the traumatic event 2) witnessing in person as the event happens to others 3) learning that a traumatic event has happened to a family member or close friend (violent and accidental) 4) experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of a traumatic event |
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What is acute stress disorder |
The person is exposed to a traumatic event
While or after the event the person experiences reduced awareness with can involve -detachment -subjective experience of numbness -reduced awareness of surroundings -derealiation -depersonalization -dissociative amnesia |
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What are some of the acute stress disorder |
The event is continually re experienced Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma Symptoms of increased arousal, negative mood are present Distress and impairment of functioning Has to happen in 3 days time after traumatic event but no longer than a month after |
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What is the criteria of acute stress disorder |
9 or more symptoms from 5 categories 1) intrusion symptoms 2) negative mood 3) dissociative symptoms 4) avoidance symptoms 5) arousal symptoms Lasting 3 days- 1 month Causes distress and impairment Not do to physiological effects of substances, medical condition or better explained by psychotic disorder |
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What is the criteria of PTSD |
Same as acute stress disorder
1) Presence of 1 or more of the following intrusion symptoms after the event 2) persistent avoidance of the stimuli of 1 or both (avoidance of thoughts or external reminders) Same as acute stress disorder 1) Presence of 1 or more of the following intrusion symptoms after the event 2) persistent avoidance of the stimuli of 1 or both (avoidance of thoughts or external reminders) 3) 2 or more negative alterations in cognitions and mood 4) 2 or more marked alterations in arousal More than 1 month Distress and impairment Not due to other conditions 3) 2 or more negative alterations in cognitions and mood 4) 2 or more marked alterations in arousal More than 1 month Distress and impairment Use delayed criteria if symptoms don't happen till after 6 months
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What are the specifiers of PTSD |
Dissociative symptom specifier when PTSD symptoms are accompanied by persistent and recurrent depersonalization or derealization Specifier with delayed expression if the full criteria of PTSD are not met for more than 6 months following trauma |
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What is the epidemiology of PTSD and ASD |
Prevalance rates for ASD are not known PSTD 12 month prevalence is 3.5% Life time prevalence is 7.8% At any age Women twice as likely Happens with other anxiety disorder, major depression, somatization disorder and substance abuse |
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What is the Etiology for PTSD |
Being exposed to a traumatic event is necessary for the devel of PTSD
Some people may be more predisposed
Serverity may affect Biological, psychological and social factors can all contribute to higher risk of ASD or PTSD |
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What are the biological condition to PTSD |
Genetics are strongly related to symptoms -30% -genetic factors predispose one to PTSD by a threshold Brain dysfunction (Several abnormalities of the brain in both its anatomy and NTs) -alterations in hypothalamus, pituitary (hormones and nerves) and opiate system (substances of pain) -smaller hippocampus (memory) (more severe) -smaller prefrontal cortex (memory and emotion regulation) (less responsive) -amygdala over reactive (emotions and feer response) Nts -increased levels of catecholamins (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) -lower serotonin (over activity in circuts) -decreased GABA -increased glutamate |
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What are the Endocrine abnormalities in PTSD |
Abnormality in hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis -low levels of cortisol (stress hormone) -ACTH acts on the adrenal gland affecting cortisol Fewer Opioid receptors in thr brain regions of emotion control that is related to feelings of dystopia -not feelings of anxious arousal |
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What are the psychosocial factors of PTSD |
Psychological and social factors interact with biological influences Childhood adversity (abuse) Anxiety sensitivity (neuroticism) as an individual factor Limited capacity to use active coping strategies Lack of available social support (individual difference) |
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Treatments of PTSD |
Crisis intervention and counseling Anti depressants minor and major tranquilizers Cigntive behavioral interventions (vitual reality situations) -truma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) -trauma based exposure therapy -eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Relaxation techniques (lower symptomatic tone) |
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What are dissociative disorders |
Characterized by persistent, maladaptive disruption and or discontinuity in thr normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control or behavior Linked to stress or trauma Lack of information and agreement amoung factors |
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What are in the major dissociative disorder category |
Depersonalization disorder Dissociative amnesia Dissociative identity disorder (multi personality disorder) |
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What is Depersonalization disorder |
Characterized by persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization or both -detached from self or surroundings -common experiences but they are persistent and recurring |
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What is the criteria of Depersonalization disorder |
The presence of persistent recurrent experiences of depersonalization or derealization -reality testing remains intact Cause distress or impairment in social, occupational or functioning Not due to other physiological effects of substances or a medical condition or disorder -PTSD -schizophrenia -panic disorder |
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What is the Epidemiology of Depersonalization disorder |
Prevelance is unknown Life time prevalence is 2% (not common) No difference in gender Seen in adolescent or adulthood -undetected in childhood years -onset in adolescence -less than 5% after 25 Anxiety, depression, obsessive rumination, somatic concerns may be present |
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What is the etiology in Depersonalization disorder |
Little is known
Association with childhood trauma is not as strong in contrast to other dissociative disorders
Emotional abuse and neglect are common
During episodes there is a reduction in emotion
May be brain circuits alterations -dysregulation of HPAC axis (cortical)
(All these are more symptoms Covariate) |
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What is dissociative amnesia |
A person experiences memory loss without any identifiable organic cause - neurological problem (brain circuts)
Due to psychological factors
Not insidious (comes out of the blue) -can regain memory (reversible) Produced by stress Suddenly Last days, weeks, years |
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What is the criteria of dissociative amnesia |
Inability to recall important autobiographical information (memory of self) usally of a traumatic or stressful nature that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting
Distress and impairment Pro
Not do to other medical condtions, or substance -acute stress disorder, PTSD, DID, symptom disorder, neurocogntive disorder |
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What are the 5 kinds of dissociative amnesia |
Localized amnesia -specific point is forgotten
Selective amnesia -remember some things of a specific point of time
Generalized amnesia -not remembering anything
Continuous amnesia -from a specific period onwards is forgotten (No new memories)
Systematized amnesia -not remember certain categories (faces) |
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What is a dissociative fugue |
Can happen with dissociative amnesia Purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity -leave home and loss memory of who they were |
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What is the epidemiology of dissociative amnesia |
Prevalence in US for 12 month is 1.8% Seen in any age group More likely in females (2.6% vs 1%) Associated with PTSD, major depression, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, |
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What is the Etiology of dissociative amnesia |
Individuals show high hypnotizability May invlove childhood abuse or neglect |
