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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the homicide rate in 1991 |
2.69 per 100,000 46% reduction 1.45 per 100,000 in 2013 1975 was its peak with 3.02 per 100,000 |
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Attempted murder rate |
0.57 per 100,000 in 1965 3.75 per 100,000 in 1982 1.77 per 100,000 in 2014 2.16 per 100,000 in 2015 (More attempted homicide than homicide) |
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Homicide rates in CMA and cities |
Population more than 500,000 -2.3 per 100,000 in 1990-1999 -1.62 per 100,000 in 2005-2014 -Rose again but still not as high Individual CMA Increase between 1990-1999 and 2005-2014 -winnipeg 2.7 to 3.8 per 100,000 |
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Rate of homicide with guns |
Reduced by 61% -.97 in 1991 -.38 in 2013 2016 (42%) and 2018 (41%) shooting related homicides exceeded 1991 (36%) Hand gun shootings continue to rise -policies (law) |
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Rate of homicide by other means |
Reduced by 38% 1.72 in 1991 1.07 in 2013 (Reduction of gun related homicides has an impact on homicide rates) |
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What was Bill c 51 (1977) |
Requirement to obtain a firearm acquisition certificate (FAC) -regulated safe storage and display of frames -mandatory minimum sentences |
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What was Bill C 17 (1991) |
Screening for the FAC -includes personal criminal history, personal references, photograph, 28 day waiting period -minimum age of 18 -powers of policies and firms officers contacting background checks |
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What was Bill C 68 (1995) |
Universal licensing (2001) -licensing required to own, possess, register or purchase ammunition -all had to be registered by 2003 -new penalties for trafficking and smuggling (Hasn't affected gun related homicides) |
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youth homicide rate |
Decline between 1991 and 2001 -mirrored total homicide rate -4.71 to 2.19 (males) -.63 to .25 (females)
A rising tren between 2001 and 2010 -2.19 to 5.63 (males) -.25 to .95 (females)
2012 Males was 2.68 Females was .09 |
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Spousal homicide rate |
Has decreased 0.97 in 1978 to 0.4 in 2007 Vicitms -1.5 women in 1979 to .6 in 2007 -decline in men as well |
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Rates of spousal relationship in solved homicide cases |
22.2% in 1974 11.5% in 2017 -1968 divorce act and 1985 divorce act may help -large increases of divorce starting in late 1960s -50 divorces to 250 to 355 per 100,000 |
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Divorce on homicide rates |
1999 -115 per 1000 for separated or divorced -40 for 1000 in a married or common law |
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Number of marriages on homicide |
Number of new marriages has declined -may reduce homicide
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Aboriginal people and homicide |
The declining trend of homicide since 1990s doesn't apply to aboriginal persons -32.4 in 1989-93 (women) -31.4 in 2009-13 (women) |
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Short term trend of aboriginal |
5.64 in 1999-2003 4.38 in 2009-2013 (22% reduction) |
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Canada and US homicide rate |
Decrease in Canada is consistent with dreceases in US -2001 to 2002 was 5.62 (10.5% lower than 1998 and 40.9% lower than 1993) -2010 to 2011 was 4.7 -highest in 1980 (12)US -highes in 1970 (3) Canada |
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Countries rates of homicide |
Out of 46 only 13 have increased Russia has the highest numbers (30) -72.9 in 1994 for men -66.6 in 2002 for men -revolutions have big consequences |
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Economic issues in Canada and US |
1980s- 1990s had economic issues -1991 (highest) at 2.69 -1985 (highest) at 2.72
1973-4 had an energy crisis -canadas highest level in 1975 at 3.03
1930s, 1970s, 1980's and 1990's (highest rates) |
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The great recession of 2008 and 2009 |
Didn't impact homicide rates -2001 was 5.6 -2008 was 5.4 -2009 was 5.0 -2010 was 4.8 -2014 was 4.4 |
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Severe punishment and homicide rate |
1993 to 2002 the violent crime victimization rate fell 54.6% (52.2 per 1000 to 23.7) -canada hasn't increased punishment and still had a decline in crime like the US (doesnt support deterrent) |
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What did Saunders and billant conclude |
Rate of imprisonment is inversely related to crime im all countries -high rates of imprisonment there is lower rates of crime -supports detrrent effect |
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What is the 3 strikes law |
Allows offenders to be prisoned from life (indeterminate term) if the offender already has two or more felony convictions -if an individual is convicted of a felony ans has one or more convictions defined as serious or violent, they must be sentenced to twice the term |
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When are u eligible for parole with the 3 strikes law |
On a date calculated by reference to a minimum term which is greater of 3 times the normal maximum for imprisonment, 25 years or determined by court |
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What is wrong with the 3 strikes law |
With longer terms criminals are more likely to change their modus operandi in order to reduce the chances of getting caught, prosecuted an convicted -escalate the crime -13% to 24% increase in crime |
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When was capital punishment abolished in canada |
1976 -had the highest homicide rates in 1975 and then decreased -1962 was the last year for executions (2) |
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Homicide rates in winnipeg |
2018 was 22
2019 and 2020 was 44 and 39(doubled) -gang and meth may contribute to about 1/3 cases -domestic violence was the most common
Is about 3 times the national average (1.8) -winnipeg was 5.31
This is not uncommon as there was jumps in 1996, 2004, 2011
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Why does winnipeg have such jumps |
1) natural fluctuations 2) family related -decreased from 9 to 2 in 2019 3) gang related (Not evidence to support) -15.28% in 2019 and 27.66% in 2017 4) alcohol (2129.63%) -alcohol and drug (1407.69%) -cannibs 7 times (2.75) -opioid 6 times (.79) 5) guns (147.17%) |
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Aboriginal reason |
Aboriginal homicide rate only increased from 40 to 42 in 2019 -incresse not from the trend of Aboriginal homicides |
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What is the story of Oedipus |
Greek story -was the son of king Laius and Queen Jocasta (ruler of Thebes) -he was told that he would kill his father and marry mother -they took him to the mountain and leave him -instead was adopted by king Polybus and Queen Merope -he fled thinking these were his real parents -killed an old man who was his father -saved Thebes from a sphix and was made king -married queen (mom) who later killed herself after finding out it was her son -oedipus learned he had killed his father and married his mother and then blinded himself |
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What is the oedipus complex (patricides) |
Males have the tendency to hate their father and have possessive lobe for their mother - rare -we have unresolved conflicts -children kill parents and take over society
-fathers killing children tho is 56% -mothers kill younger than 1 at 40% |
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Electra complex |
Girls love of their father |
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How did Shakespeare see homicide |
A justifiable act by either a sense of duty or lack of choice -killing for a reason (honorable reason) is an important element in literature |
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Romeo and Juliet |
Both die in the end -romeo killed 2 people before (he didn't have a choice) -killed tybalt for wounding his friend and his love for Juliet -killed Paris when he went to Juliets tomb -inically tried to prevent both killings -deadly code of conduct of modern Street violence in Washington (never back down) -modern version west side Story is conflict between gangs |
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Hamlet |
Father is killed by uncle (claudius) -put poison in his ear Was usurped from throne Father's ghost told hamlet to avenge him Used a play to reenact his father's death and to catch the consciousne of thr King -kill the kings right hand mad by accident -son of the hand challenge Hamilt to a dual -all died |
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Jack and the been stalk |
-Poor mother and son -Instead of selling cow for resources he sold them for magic beens -Mother throw beans out the window and it grew to a bean stalk where there was a giant -His father had a simular experience so it justified him steeling ans killing from giant -Took hen that layed golden eggs and magic harp -Jack chopped the bean stalk and killed giant Killing for profit is not a justifiable act in out society |
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David and Goliath |
Little guy taking on the bug guy -the giant was villainized -david killed for a noble or honorable cause -defended his country Philistines powerful vers Israelites were defining freedom Claiming the exhaustion of alternatives Denying culpability (under 12 in Canada can't br culpable) Circumstances and reasons made acts of killing morally acceptable |
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What us Sykes and Matza neutralization theory |
The criminal justice system in out society actually encourages the neutralization of the norms prohibit criminal behavior -provjded legal defenses that help to excuse or justify the criminal act -used by story tellers to justify |
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What are the 5 techniques of neutralization |
Denial of responsibility Denial of injury Denial of the victim Condemnation of the condemner Appeal to higher loyalties |
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What is the realism argument (Giblin) |
By making a connection between recognized violent acts and the unnoticed violent acts, we have a better understanding of violence in our society Put children at risk as they don't know the reality of danger -Topics of violence can be constructive or destructive depending on how the author present the subject |
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What violence does in books |
1)allow children to make a connection between external violence (hitting someone) and internal violence (feelings) 2)provide child with knowledge about what is violent or non violent behavior help avoid violence 3)presenting violence in books on a postive way to recognize the excistence of violence rather than denying it 4) keeps view of real life 5) increases our sensitive to problems that we otherwise ignore |
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Dianne koehnecke |
Smoky night and the house that Crack built should be read in schools to expose children to gang and drug use |
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What is the idealism argument (Nys) |
Violence can have a healing or catharsis affect -they help us restore our humanity -create empathy for victims -reach our humanity |
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Before Shakespeare what was the world like that later influenced his stories |
Lots of war and death
1337-1453 the hundred year war
Wars of the Roses (1455 to 1487) between house of Lancaster and house of York
Bubonic plague in last 1500 and early 1600 (5 trillion is 5000 times a billion) (80 trillion) |
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What does Derek Cohen (1993) stated |
Depicting violence may serve to legitimize violence from the regime in power -viotent history and culture produces violent literature which reinforces and legitimizes it |
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What is ment by the culture of violence |
Implies that violence is an acceptable part of the mainstream culture -mainstreem culture is broken up however -different tastes in TV and movies preference or values |
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Making a successful TV show |
The act of killing alone is not a sufficient element to make a successful TV show -homicide has to be packaged in a presentable and acceptable manner |
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What does Tania Modleski (2001) state |
The violence of which we approve is not the violence meant simply to entertain us but violence that we consider edifying and morally instructive |
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What did Christopher Ferguson (2015) state |
Studied the correlations between violence and media exposure in terms of movies and videogames -correltation between violence and violent movies is rather weak (negative correltation) - exception of the period between the mid 20th century and early 1990s - correlation between video games and youth violence was negative (Challenges the thought that exposure to violent media leads to violent behavior) |
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What did Christopher Ferguson (2015) state |
Studied the correlations between violence and media exposure in terms of movies and videogames -correltation between violence and violent movies is rather weak (negative correltation) - exception of the period between the mid 20th century and early 1990s - correlation between video games and youth violence was negative (Challenges the thought that exposure to violent media leads to violent behavior) |
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What does Lundman (2003) do |
Examined the newspaper coverage of homicide Found that newspapers cover stereotypical news which reinforce thr idea most people have about offenders and victims -white female killing white men |
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What does lundman speculate |
That the main reason for the stereotypical bias is to market the news by supporting the existing fear and racial biased |
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What did Anthony Walsh do |
Studied a sample if 413 serial killers -90% African Americans in the sample (21.8% of all serial killers) |
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What are the reasons for black Americans not being seen as serial killers even with their over represention |
1) law enforcement was less inclined to take black crimes seriously 2) books and movies about African characters are less appealing to the consumers 3) depicting them as villans may be deemed racist 4) the stereotype of serial killers being intelligent with speical skills |
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Who was Samuel little |
American American Killed over 90 women (93) |
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Spousal killing |
80% male killers 70% women victims Declining ober time |
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Muder suicide |
95% involved male killers (male proprietary) 54% killed former legal or common law spouse 46% involved killing partner only and 6% killed 1 child 26% after killing wives Only 3% of women |
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Why do less women do murder suicide |
Show less remorse -we victims of violence (relieved) (Lombardo would say we're more atavistic or cold blooded) |
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Know |
Uxoricide -Uxor= wife
Mariticide -maritus= husband
Congenital -happens in the wom (not genetic) |
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Who was Andrea Yates |
Dorwned 5 children in bathtub to send them to hevan cause thr devil was after them Post pardon depression |
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Murdered children |
3.8 per 100,000 (26) Peaked in 2012 44 children Youth killed by family 58% ( 6 in 10) we killed by parent 75% aged 5 and younger Rates go lower with age Women more likely to kill young children Men more likely to kill over (5 and older) Use physical force |
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Schools affect on child murders |
Victimization drops below 20% as children spend more time in school with peers |
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Sexual assault on children |
10% of sexual adult of both children and adults involved a parent |
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Female children |
Female victims were twice as likely to be killed in family homicides 3.6 per 100,000 |
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What are the causes for child murder |
Frustration, anger or despair (63%) -5 years and younger 72% -6-11 63% -12-14 50% -15-17 31% Argument or quarrel % -15-17 23%-12-14 20% -12-14 20% |
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What did Stockl find |
Children killed by parents had higher rates in... -higher income countries (64.2%) -east Asia and pacific region (61.7%) -in societies that children are more valuable or precious -fewer birth rates |
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What did Stockl find |
Children killed by parents had higher rates in... -higher income countries (64.2%) -east Asia and pacific region (61.7%) -in societies that children are more valuable or precious -fewer birth rates |
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When was the decline in child murders |
1974 and 2005 -1978 had 56 -2005 had 20 |
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Step moms |
2.4% -0.3 million in families |
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Step fathers |
12.9% 2003-2005 increased involvement -0.6 milliom make up families -1.5 times as likely to kill a child |
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Father |
47.5% -2003 and 2005 father involvement declined -3.5 million in families -63% sons -37% daughters -older kids -kill by shooting and beating -32% commit suicide after (78%) |
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Mother |
37.3% 2003-2005 increased involvement -4.4 million in families -52% daughters -48% sons (doesnt differentiate the two) -youngrr kids -other means of killing like strangling and suffocating -19% commit suicide after (18%) |
