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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was poisoning |
Capital punishment reserved for the privileged citizens and politicians -Socrates |
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What % of diseases are caused by pollution |
23% |
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Preemptive strike |
Attack in Iraq after 911 -about 1000-1000000 citizens died (5000-6000) |
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Prisons |
Ashley Smith committed suicide in a federal prison -2009 17 inmates died from suicide and other unnatural causes -suicide in prisons is popular |
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Ashley Smith |
Died in 2007 from asphyxiation in federal prison at 18 -gaurdes watched as thry were given orders not to intervene -belive it wasn't suicide but a cry for attention that accidentally lead to death |
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Profit margin |
People use substitutes that lead to problems -china killed 6 children and health issues in 300,000 children by tainted milk products -melamine used to make plastic increases protein content in milk |
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Put to sleep |
Euthanasia -robert latimer killed daughter who had cerebral polsy |
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Quartering |
Cutting or splitting the body into 4 pieces by chopping or tying limbs to horses -make a cup on limbs first |
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Scalping |
The scalps of captured soldiers and civilians were cut for trophies or bounties -originated aboriginal societies -kill Asians even |
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Scrag |
To execute by hanging or garroting -to wring the neck off |
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Serial killing |
Killing of 3 or more victims at different times |
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Shooting |
Was the most popular means of homicide in Canada (1960-1990) |
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Slaughter |
-the killing of anaminls for food -a brutal violet killing of many people |
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Slay |
To kill by violence |
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Smother |
-to prevent from breathing freely -what women do when their husband's snore incessantly (joke) |
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State terrorism |
The use of violence generally without support of law, by a government of its agents against their own people |
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Sub-prime mortgage |
Mortgage crises in 2008 -gave loans to everyone even tho thry couldn't afford to by houses |
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Suicide |
Thr act of deliberately killing one self -seen as violence or aggression directed towards oneself |
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Who was Eric Kirkpatrick |
A fired of a Vancouver wholesale worker who walked into the company's Christmas party and killed CEO Benjamin Banky |
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Suicide bombing |
Use of explosives to destroy buildings and kill people at thr site or in the vicinity -bomber dies in explosion |
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Taser |
20 related taser deaths in Canada |
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Who was Robert Dziekanski |
Tasered 5 times by RCMP officers and died in Vancouver international Airport in 2007 -4 officers were charged -2 charged with perjury and -30 months in jail -2 years in prison plus 1 year probation and 240 hours of community |
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Terrorism |
Refers to random acts of violence or the threat of violence employed by an individual or a group as a political strategy |
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Tobacco (2006) |
45,000 in Canada died 400,000 in US |
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Uxoricide |
Killing one's wife -Uxor means wife on Latin |
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Vehicular Homicide |
The Canadian criminal code does not contain an offense of vehicular homicide -have causing death by conveyance -Dilbag Singh and Bakhshish Kaur (grandparents killed in car accident after wedding party by street racers) -no one brought to justice |
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War |
1939-1945 20,000 people died everyday due to 2nd world War -citizens 48 million -battle 15 million |
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Waste |
To destroy of ruin |
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What are the 2 elements of durkheims theory of suicide |
Social integration (structure) Social regulation (culture) |
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When is suicide low |
When a society achieves a balance or equilibrium of intergration and regulation |
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What are the the kinds of suicide |
Egoistic Altruistic Anomic Fatalistic |
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What is egoistic suicide |
To little intergration -no commitment to the group -stems from excessive individualism -leads to a loss of meaning |
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High risk individuals for egoistic suicide |
-single people -protestants (smaller groups) -men -elderly -widows -the educated |
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Why was durkheim anti psychology |
Thought psychology was reductionism -reducing social problems to individual explanations |
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What is altruistic suicide |
Too much intergration -gives up own goals -caused by intensive altruism (group commitment) |
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Examples of altruistic suicide |
Patriots Soldiers (suicidal and homicidal) Kamikaze pilots |
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What did durkiem find by studying the military |
1) more suicides in military than civilian population 2) highest amount elite troops 3) military related suicides decreased while the old military spirit was declining |
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What is Anomic Suicide |
Little regulation -a state of normlessness -human desires are unlimited and create strain when not fulfilled -need to limit desires -anomie forms the basis of strain theory |
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What are some anomic factors |
Economic crises (increase)
Divorce (increases)
Unexpected downward mobility (lower class less likely cause they at the bottom already)
The rich Men (17.3 per 100,000)
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What were mens most common means of suicide |
Hanging (46%) Firearms (20%) (most common in US) Poisoning (20%) |
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What were women's most common means of suicide |
Poisoning (42%) Hanging (37%) Other means (18%) Firearms (3%) (second most common in the US) |
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What is fatalism suicide |
Too much regulation -state of hopefulness -fates are determined and controlled by others -suicude is a way of escaping |
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What is egoism homicide |
Higher likelihood of suicide -Reduces the likelihood of killing others |
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Altruism homicide |
Higher likelihood of homicide -less likely to kill themselves -catholics -more commitment to the group= more homicide |
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Altruistic homicide and suicide in primitive society |
Higher likelihood of homicide Higher likelihood of suicide -postive correlate -dont care about their own life or others |
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Anomic Homicide and suicide in modern societies |
Higher likelihood of homicide Higher likelihood of suicide -modern societies allow us to enjoy more individualism |
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Social disorganization theory (shaw and Mckay) |
Homicide rates increases as a society becomes disintegrated or disorganized -importance of social integration |
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What indicates social disorganization |
-declining population -high % of foreign born or racial minorities -poverty |
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What are the e measures of social disorganization in recent studies |
Poverty Heterogeneity Population mobility |
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What are parks and Burgess concentric zone model |
1) central business district (CBD) 2) warehouses and light industries 3) transitional zone (worst) 4) working class zone 5)residential area 6) commuter zone |
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What are ecological fallacy |
Use the characteristics of the group to infer (make a guess) as to the behavior of individuals |
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Things wrong with theory |
-ecological fallacy (who knows who's committing the act) -did not look at rural areas -how to measure social disorganization (didnt separate social disorganization from disorganization) -orgabization may cause crime |
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Poverty and homicide |
-economic deprivation had a positive effect on homicide rates |
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Mobility and homicide |
-predicted African American women's rates if homicide but not men -gender, race and relationship plays a factor -many concluded it wasnt a factor |
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Heterogeneity (differences) |
Some observed a postive relationship while others found the causal link weak and depending on other factors |
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What is exchange theory |
Assumes that human relationships are reciprocal (Homicide increases with structural inequality or even the perception of it) |
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What is laissez-faire |
You do what you need to/ no government intervention -leads to inequality |
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What is culture conflict theory |
Suggest that crime is conformity to another culture or a subculture in society (are relwtive |
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3 reasons for culture conflict |
1) when culture codes clash on the border of contiguous culture areas 2) when the law of one cultural group is extended to cover the territory of another 3) when members of one cultural group migrate to another |
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What are the 2 dimensions of cultural conflict |
1) mental conflict (person who have drawn their norms of conduct from a variety of groups with conflicting norms) 2) conflict in external cultural codes (persons who possess norms drawn from a group whose code is in conflict with that of the group which judges the conduct) |
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Culture conflict explains criminal behavior |
-is thr conformity to the conduct norms of one's culture. -homicide isn't a deviant or criminal behavior -why immigrants are more likely to commit homicide |
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What is differential associated theory |
The process through which a person learns about deviant attitudes and values -explains how deviant attitudes and values increase the likelihood of crime and delinquency |
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What are the principles of differential association |
1) criminal behavior is learned 2) is learned in interaction with others (communication) 3) happens in intimate personal groups 4) includes techniques and direction of motives 5) motives from learned definitions in legal codes 6) excess definitions to violation of law 7) vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity 8) involves all machines of learning 9) not explained by general needs and values |
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What are the 4 conditions that determine the learning of deviant and anti deviant definitions |
Frequency (# of deviant and non deviant definitions o person is exposed to) Duration (the time of exposure) Priority (the age of the person during exposure) Intensity (the level of affectivty between the person and the sources of definitions |
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Subculture of violence (Wolfgang and Ferracuti). |
Some elements of subculture may be favorable of violence -subculture may not be consistent with mainstream norms -members of subculture may be included to commit deviant behavior |
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Wjat does mention state |
Society has consensus on what is important and what is not -culturr defines goals that are valued by people in society |
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Wjat does strain theory involve |
Conflict between cultural goals and institutionalized means |
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Wjat are Meads 5 adaptations |
Cultural goals Instutional means Confotmity + + Innovation + - Ritualism - + Retreatism - - Rebellion new New |
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What is control theory |
That norm violations result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken |
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What are the 4 elemts of the social bond that explain why people conform |
Attachment ( sensitivity to the opinion of others) (external control) (ties to others)
Commitment (investment of time, energy) (deviance my be costly)
Involvement (amount of time devoted to conventional activities) (little extra time)
Belief (common value) degree of commitment to values) |
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Neutralization theory |
Neutralization of the moral validity of the social norms and laws in certian situations -only applies for morally committed |
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Whar are the 5 techniques of neutralization |
1) denial of responsibility 2) denial of injury (no real harm) (tax frued) 3) denial of the victim (no victims) (deserved it) 4) condemnation of the condemners (blaming the system for problems) 5) appeal to higher loyalties (crime has a noble purpose) |
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Opportunity theory believes criminal events happen when |
1) a motivated offender 2) a suitable target 3) absence guardian ship -explains why crime is more likely to in some locations, time or peoples |
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What does the household activity ratio indicate |
Gauges the proportion of households that are exposed to risk of victimization during yo activities away from the hone or and the presence of valuables in the households |
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What is the lifestyle exposure theory |
Explains why crime tends to happen amoung certain groups of people in terms of age, sex, marital status, family income and race |
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Elements of lifestyle exposure theory |
1) time spent in public places 2) certain lifestyles lead to time in public places 3) lifestyle- social interaction (share same lifestyles) 4) same demographic categories increases victim chances 5) interaction with nonfamily 6) lifestyle affect interaction with potential offenders |
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Elements of lifestyle exposure theory |
1) time spent in public places 2) certain lifestyles lead to time in public places 3) lifestyle- social interaction (share same lifestyles) 4) same demographic categories increases victim chances 5) interaction with nonfamily 6) lifestyle affect interaction with potential offenders |
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Illegitimate opportunity theory |
Certian modes of adaptation require the use of illegitimate means that may or may not be available |
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Class conflict theory |
Conflict between social classes is the basic social process in society |
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What are the 2 economic classes |
Capitalists (own the means to production) Laborers (are the employed) |
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Conflict criminologists focus on three questions |
1) why are the norms of social groups or classes transformed into law 2) why are some laws enforced but not others 3) why are laws enforced against certain groups and classes but not others |
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Grouo conflict theory |
Conflict occurs between groups because they inevitably compete for the same interests |
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What is the basic consideration of group |
1) a person's life is both a part of and a product of his group associations 2) the group fulfills the needs of individuals |
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Types of evolution |
Mutation (spontaneous) Gene flow Genetic drift (chance) Natural selection (evolutionary adaptation) |
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Evolution and crime |
Certain bebaviour evolve -aggressivness and violence may be adaptations that help to increases the males reproductive success |
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How does canadas homicide rate compare to others |
Has a low rate (1.7) -US is 5.3 -southern Africa has the highest rates -north America as a total (5.0) -lowest place is western Europe (1.2) |
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Homicide pattern of Canada |
Eastern provinces have low rates -PEI (0.56) Western provinces are higher A spike in the middle provinces and increases in northern provinces -manitoba (3.95) -highest is Nunavut (13.01) |
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City homicide rates in Canada |
Highest is thunder Bay (4.04) (homicide capital) Winnipeg (3.69) Regina (3.15) Edmonton (3.02) -eastern areas have rates lower than 2.0 -western areas are higher than 2.0 |
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Homicide in rural versus urban areas |
Higher in rural areas (2.5) -2.0 in large urban areas -1.7 in small urban areas |
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Aboriginal percentage and homicide |
Places with more tend to have more homicides -manitoba (16.7%) had a rate of 3.63 -sask (15.6%) had a rate of 3.79 |
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Aboriginal percentage and homicide |
Places with more tend to have more homicides -manitoba (16.7%) had a rate of 3.63 -sask (15.6%) had a rate of 3.79 |
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What does the aborinaginal regression coefficient state |
For every 1% increase in aboriginal population there is 0.18 homicide incidents Canadian average 1% increases= 10.7% homicide |
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Things wrong with coefficient |
1) limited # of cases 2) not controlled other variables 3) there is yearly fluctuation 4) may indicated the effects of poverty, inequality, discrimination, family structure |
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Demographic characteristics of offenders |
Most killers are.... -male (87%) female (13%) -40% under 25 and 45% between 25 and 44 -single (45%) married (27%) -76% Caucasian (33% aboriginal) |
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Characteristics of victims |
-67% male, 37% female -41% 25-34, 31% under 25 -42% single, 29% married -80% Caucasian (25% aboriginal) |
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What is the highest age group victimized and offender |
18-24 -3.61 victim -5.45 offending |
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Most common place for murder to happen |
In a home or private place (75%) 1961-1990 -49% in victims home -9% in offenders home 2002 55.8% in homes in a home with soley the victim -25% in a home with soley the victim -21% in a home jointly occupied by victim and offender -21% in a home jointly occupied by victim and offender |
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Shooting and stabbing as murder weapon |
Guns was most used however with recent years it has declined -stabbing and shooting have become fairly equal in recent years In 2016-17 shooting was 36.4%- 40.3$ which pasted stabbing again (28.6%- 30.1%) |
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What may have impacted firmarms use |
Bill C-68 (firearms registration law) 1995 -only a small amount used in homicides however were registratered (29%) |
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Shooting in spousal homicide |
Shooting still plays a large role -53% involved a gun (2.5 times larger) -22% stabbing Shooting represents more planning or premeditation |
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What is a pistol |
Single chambered firearm that can be held with one hand -each pull of semi-automatic pistol first a complete cycle -ejecting the shell and reloading another from the magazine -trigger must be pulled each time |
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What is a revolver |
Firarm with a multichambered cylinder that rotates around an axis when the hammer is cooked -1 round each pull of trigger |
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What is a shotgun |
Short range firearm with a smooth bore thar discharges shells containing numerous pellets ot a single slug Pull action has a manually operated forearm that chambers, ejects and reloads a round Semiautomatic shotgun allows for complete firing cycle with one pull of the trigger |
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What is a machine gun |
Loads, fires and ejects cartridges for as long as tge trigger is depressed and they are available -illegal for most uses |
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What is a rifle |
With spiral grooves in the bore that causes a bullet to rotate when fired -used for long range by soldiers and sport men Bolt action rifle is loaded, cracked and unloaded manually Semiautomatic rifle features inner mechanics that chambers, fired and ejects a round Assault rifle has a detachable magazine and at least 2 of the following -telescoping stock -pistol grip -bayonet mount -flash suppressor or threaded barrel -grenade launcher |
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What are the different kinds of bullets |
Hollow-point, soft- point and expanding -have a cavity in the nose that expanded on impact without passing through target (Hunting, police) Round nose -elongated design with radiused nose (Less deadly force) Wadcutter -cylindrical design and a flattened front end at right angles to their axes (Intended to cut paper targets and accuracy scoring) Full metal jackets -bullet jack encloses most of core (Military and target shooting) Armor-piercing -constructed with tungsten or steel cores (Penetrate armor plate) |
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Affects of the presents of a gun |
Invreases probability of death by 1.4% Reduces probability of an attack by 28.6% Presence of a knife or gun reduces probability of attachment by 15.8% or 12.5% -less likely to fight back or less accuracy of gun |
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Affects of using a gun |
Guns are more leathal -likelihood of death 37.8% and 39.5% of injury has occurred |
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Motives of homicide |
Most are crimes of passion -arguments, anger, jealousy and revenge accounts for 2/3 of murder cases -7% of muders involve mentally ill |
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Jealousy in homicide in men |
48% in separated couples 13% in legally married couples |
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Common law marriage and homicide |
6 times higher than those legally married -males increased to 25 times -females increased 4 times |
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Gang related homicides |
Increased between 1992 and 2008 and declined after -manitoba has highest rate -lower in Atlantic provinces (AB, BC) -winnipeg has the highest 0.72 |
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Drinking and homicide |
Binge drinking may affect -increase in alcohol sales=increase im homicide -in Canada 30% of cases involved alcohol and 33% involved drugs -52% of victims and 68% of accused consumed alcohol -2/3 of aboriginal involved alcohol |
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What are co-substance |
Refer to the relationship that are based on the use of alcohol drugs or other intoxicating substances immediately prior to homicide -3 times higher for aboriginal victims 37.9% than non aboriginals 12.2% |
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Drinking and spousal homicide |
41% 61% who did not commit suicide after |
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How does drinking affect charges |
Used to reduce homicide charges from 1st degree as it is not planned and deliberate -70% aboriginal 2nd degree -51 non aboriginals |
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Mental illness affect on crime victims |
Increased homicide by 6 times Increased suicide by 12 times Accidental death by 3 or 4 times |
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What are Hiroeh 6 reasons why mental illness increases homicide victimization |
1)mental illness is likely to live in poverty areas 2) may be involved in high risk behavior like alcohol use 3) symptoms may provoke violence from others 4) less able to defend themselves 5) involvement with other mentally ill individuals 6) more likely to be victims of random violence |
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What are Hiroeh 6 reasons why mental illness increases homicide victimization |
1)mental illness is likely to live in poverty areas 2) may be involved in high risk behavior like alcohol use 3) symptoms may provoke violence from others 4) less able to defend themselves 5) involvement with other mentally ill individuals 6) more likely to be victims of random violence |
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Sex offending and homicide |
1 homicide per 400 convicts -7 times the rate of general male population |
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What is ambulance theory |
Fast ambulance and better emergency room care contribute to reducing homicide rates -increase in aggravated- assault |
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Bad weather and homicide |
Bad weather traps individuals indoors which creates an increase in conflict to happen -higher homicide and suicide rates where there was heavy rain |
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Full moon and homicide |
Offenses happen more frequently during the full moon phase - not homicide however -decrease during new moon phase -pull of moon and sun may affect body fluids |
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Full moon and homicide |
Offenses happen more frequently during the full moon phase - not homicide however -decrease during new moon phase -pull of moon and sun may affect body fluids |
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Left handedness and homicide |
Left handed males in general and visual handedness took part in more criminal activities -not in females (sex hormones) |
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Homosexuality and homicide |
4.6% of men and 5.8% of women were victims from same sex partners -4 times more likely -may be overrepresentation |
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Pollution and homicide |
Led concentration was higher amoing youth who had been arrested than amoung their no delinquent counterparts -may block oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur atoms of protiens influencing neural processes |
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Abortion and Homocide |
Legalization of abortion is associated with a gradual reduction in homicide rates in young men -not women -abotion theory |
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Military experience and homicide |
Veterans risk of death was 1.59 times higher than non veterans -behavioural causes contrivobutef to 62% of 110 deaths |
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Religion and homicide |
Certain contributions of religious beliefs may contribute to higher rates of homicide |
