Serotonin

as schizophrenia, and other psychiatric illnesses in adults and children, including pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), autism, and attention-deficit disorder (ADD) [1–3]. It acts primarily by selective antagonism of dopamine Type 2 (D2) and serotonin Type 2 (5HT2) receptors in the brain [4–6]. Apart from minor N-dealkylation, the major pathway of biotransformation of RIS is hydroxylation at the 9_ position on the pyrido-pyrimidone ring to 9-hyroxyrisperidone (9-OH-RIS), mediated by the…

Depression is a word that is usually associated with negative connotations but from the perspective of a marketing company, is it really a bad thing? For a group of people who are assigned to promote such an idea, they must find a way to manipulate the context of depression into something that is relatable to everyone. This is exactly what the producers of Paxil, GlaxoSmithKline, had done. It was their goal to set in motion a new understanding of sorrow and depression in Japan. Before in Japan,…

Psychogenic Amnesia Dissociative Disorders Definition: According to the Cleveland Clinic, "dissociative amnesia is a condition in which a person cannot remember important information about his or her life." Their forgetfulness may be specific to certain areas or may include much of the person's life history and identity. Possible Causes: Overwhelming stress Traumatic events like war, abuse, accidents, and disasters Traumas could be witnessed or suffered Genetics Affects 1%…

The serotonergic hypothesis, proposed by Mayeux and colleagues, interprets the overall reduction of serotonin in PD as a physiological compensatory mechanism for the reduced availability of striatal dopamine increasing risk factor for depression 31,32 33. The dopaminergic hypothesis of Fibiger is based on the fact that not only the nigrostriatal, but also…

“Dysthymia is an under-diagnosed mood spectrum disorder that is almost as common as major depression and, if left untreated, has a chronic course which can impact negatively on a patient’s quality of life” (Moch, 2011). Dysthymic disorder is a milder, more chronic form of depression that usually has an early onset, such as in childhood or adolescence, and last at least two years in length for adults and one year in length for children (Knippa, 2011). There are two forms of this disorder.…

This biological interpretation of treatment focuses on the chemical problems in the brain. The medication helps deregulate and balance the brain. Four different groups of antidepressant medication commonly used are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and lithium. When put on medication there is usually a three to six week delay before the client begins to feel improvement. Before the client takes any medication, the client must be…

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Josephine Beker Thomas Jefferson University Description of condition Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogenous, chronic condition which can be further divided into subgroups dependent on the symptoms presented (Bjorgvinsson, Hart & Heffelfinger, 2007). It is characterized by obsessive thoughts or images, which cause stress or anxiety for the patients, as well as compulsive behaviors, which are often repetitive in nature and…

Such medications include antiandrogens (to lower sex drive), medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) and leuprolide acetate (Lupron). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be prescribed to treat associated compulsive sexual disorders and/or to gain benefit from libido-lowering sexual side effects. Higher doses than are typically administered for depression are usually used. These include sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), citalopram (Celexa), and…

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Despite ones most valiant efforts, the distressing thoughts of obsessive-compulsive disorder keep coming back. (Greenberg, 2009) Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms include both obsessions and compulsions. OCD obsessions are repeated ideas, thoughts, images or impulses that occur spontaneously and seem to make no sense. These…

interpersonal interactions. Considerable controversy exists regarding preferred treatment and prognosis (Gregory, 2004). The moods of borderline patients are erratic, their personal relationships are turbulent, and their self-image is unstable. When serotonin is decreased, certain areas of the brain involved in emotion regulation, impulsivity and aggression causes the brain not to function properly. Biological factors can be a risk factor of someone inheriting borderline personality…