Renal artery stenosis

The heart is a hollow organ that sits in the mediastinum cavity, the heart itself is surrounded by a sack known as the pericardium. The most inner layer is the epicardium the outer layer is the parietal pericardium and in between these two layers is pericardial fluid. In a normal heart a person usually contain 30-50mL of pericardial fluid. The tough layer that surrounds the parietal layer is the fibrous pericardium. The fibrous tissue sack provides physical protection to the heart by not…

This technique can be used with all strains and for single and repeat samples. Use of the artery is normally used for larger volume samples or for arterial blood, but carries a greater risk of haematoma and bruising (Diehl et al., 2001). Local anaesthetic cream (e.g. EMLA cream) can be applied to the site 30 minutes prior to blood sampling.…

abdomen, or around the brain.A blood clot that forms in the arteries is differed from the blood clots that form in the vein. The reason is that the blood clot in the arteries leads to strokes, transient ischemic attack (TIA or mini-stroke), heart attack, or peripheral arterial clot and gangrene which is the death of body…

This is the pathological basis of the syndrome of immediately life-threatening hypertension, which is associated with rapidly progressive microvascular occlusive disease in the kidney (with renal failure), brain (hypertensive encephalopathy), congestive heart failure, and pulmonary edema. Interestingly, isolated retinal changes with papilledema in an otherwise asymptomatic patient with very high blood pressure (formerly called "malignant hypertension")…

Vascular calcification is the hardening of blood vessels that can occur due to multiple reasons including endocrine dysfunctions, diet, and mineral metabolism dysfunctions. In addition, vascular calcification can be linked to certain diseases such as arthrosclerotic ishemia, damaged brain circulation, and decreased coronary perfusion. Intradialytic hypotension is low blood pressure often due to hemodialysis. Some of the risk factors of acquiring intradialytic hypotension includes diabetes, age,…

system should begin to function abnormally, it can throw off the body's entire homeostasis, or steady state. The cardiovascular systems distributes oxygen rich blood from the lungs to all of the body's organs and tissues by its heart pump and many arteries and veins. Cells throughout absorb what oxygen and nutrients are needed and then dispose of any carbon dioxide and waste which then flow back to the heart's right chambers and on to the lungs to be exchanged for more oxygen. As you inhale,…

lead to Pulmonary Hypertension (PHTN), PHTN is a type of blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the right side of your heart. When lower extremities are horizontal for long lengths of time, the flow of the venous blood slows and blood can pool in the legs, causing blood clots. The blood clots come from deep veins in your legs, occurs most often when a blood clot gets wedged into an artery in your lungs which is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE). We will be talking about the symptoms,…

pounds money upstairs. Office notes dated 04/22/2016 revealed that the patient complained of chronic back pain with spinal stenosis. He has been managing with oral medications which include hydrocodone/APAP, ibuprofen, wherein these medications seem to keep things under control. Office Notes dated 05/23/2016 revealed that the patient has a history of spinal problems with spinal stenosis. He had his most recent epidural steroid injection in 2012. He was trialed on Celebrex in the hopes of…

Vasoplegic syndrome (VS) is a well-known form of vasodilatory shock that occurs in up to 44% of patients after cardiac surgery employing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)(1). CPB is often associated with a systemic inflammatory response and transient vascular dysfunction that results in profound and persistent vasodilation, leading to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance that grounds severe hypotension refractory to proper fluid resuscitation, and an increased requirement for vasopressors…

Americans each year; that’s 1 out of every 20 deaths.1 Strokes are also referred to as cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), which is the sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen when blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery.2 With the occurrence of strokes being so prevalent, finding an effective way to prevent CVAs is crucial. To understand which preventative measures may be the most effective, the underlying factors must be identified. Per the Stroke…