Fracture mechanics

Multi-stage fracturing is an advanced drilling technology that enhances the production capabilities through maximizing the contact area of unconventional wells with the reservoir production zones. During the fracturing process, a special fluid (primarily a mixture of sand and water) is blown out at a high pressure into the shale rock formation creating channels through which hydrocarbons can easily migrate to the well. Multi-stage fracturing is a combination of fracturing and plugging processes. Fractures are made in a reversed order starting form the end of the horizontal hole. Plugs are then placed upon the completion of each stage to prevent communication between the stages. A Problem with Economic Consequences A major issue that is encountered during the fracturing process is the hydraulic communication among the stages. This is specifically a common problem in carbonate rocks as well as formations with a relatively low permeability in the direction of the fractures. In order to maximize the production and benefit of the fracturing process, an effective isolation is necessitated between the…

Gc (i.e. interfacial fracture toughness) of the interface between Cu leadframe and EMC. They were determined by the FEM simulations using the three mentioned methods: VCCT, VCE and J-integral. The verification of simulations was performed using an analytical solution (eq. (6)). Based on the critical ERRs obtained from different specimens tested at different temperatures, the temperature dependence of the interfacial fracture toughness was investigated. The upper EMC layer of the sample was…

crystalline and amorphous regions. The mechanical properties are highly antistrophic, and have great stiffness in the axial regions. The density of wood is also strong as well. This assists with its strong fracture toughness. Unfortunately wood is easily cracked in the parallel region, but not the perpendicular…

Annotated Bibliography Henna Awan Florida State College at Jacksonville HSC4730 Dr. James Stittsworth 10/11/2015 Roher, A. E., Cribbs, D. H., Kim, R. C., Maarouf, C. L., Whiteside, C. M., Kokjohn, T. A., et al. (2013). Bapineuzumab alters aβ composition: implications for the amyloid cascade hypothesis and anti-amyloid immunotherapy. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059735 The neurological changes related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) heavily support the amyloid cascade…

Michael Orr Professor Shuler Brittle Bone Disease September 22, 2014 Brittle Bone Disease Have you ever experienced an accident that resulted in a broken bone? Maybe you fell roller skating or were in an automobile accident. If you answered yes, then you know how painful it can be. Breaking a bone is not only painful, but can also be troublesome and life changing. Breaking a bone can cause one to have restricted range of motion and movement. Each bone in the skeletal system serves a specific…

A fracture is considered compound when the skin is broken and the bone protrudes from the open fracture/wound. There is sometimes considerable soft tissue damage and a higher risk of infection from the open fracture. Immobilizing the injured leg will help to prevent causing more damage to the soft tissue around the break. Immobilization may also keep from causing injury to the femoral artery which could be fatal. Keeping the femur as still as possible after the break may also help doctors…

Hamate Fracture A hamate fracture is a break in a small wrist bone called the hamate. The hamate is located below and between your pinky and ring fingers. It is shaped like a triangle and has a hook-like extension. There are two types of hamate fracture: Type 1. This type involves the hook part of the bone. Type 2. This type involves the body of the bone. CAUSES This condition may be caused by: A sudden injury, such as: Falling on an outstretched arm with a clenched fist.…

Introduction Finger fractures are breaks in any of the bones of the fingers. What are the causes? Traumatic injury is the main cause of finger fractures. These can include: Injuries while playing sports. Workplace injuries. Falls. What increases the risk? Activities that can increase your risk of finger fractures include: Sports. Workplace activities that involve machinery. A condition called osteoporosis, which can make your bones less dense and cause them to fracture more easily. What are the…

Hi Everyone. Instructor Murphy did an excellent job of describing the skeletal system in more detail for us in her recent post. I though it would be fun to talk about some of the different types of fractures that can occur. Simple fractures or closed fractures occur when a bone breaks without breaking through the skin. In general, these fractures are treated with immobilization and may require surgical repair. Compound fractures can also be called open fractures and are named as such because…

The Salter-Harris classification is a radiologic classification system, developed in the 1960s, to describe fractures involving the growth plate in pediatric patients.1 It divides the fractures into five categories based on the extent of damage to the growth plate based on the mnemonic SALTER; type I: Slip or Separation of the growth plate, type II: Above the growth plate, type III: Lower than the growth plate, type IV: Through the growth plate, and type V: Raised epiphysis. Children have open…