Allele frequency

We expect the genetic frequency of “A” and “a” to be constant based on Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. However, from the table I and graph of genetic drift, we find f(A) is increasing in the offspring and f(a) is decreasing in the offspring. We find small population size violates the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium rule. Table I and graph of genetic drift also bring into question whether the genetic drift would end up with an extinction or fixation of genes. This is further explained in the Table II…

Recombinant DNA is genetically engineered DNA that is formed by splicing fragments of DNA. Organismal cloning is the artificial creation of a new organism that is genetically identical to its counterpart. DNA cloning is a recombinant DNA technique where cDNAs and fragments of genomic DNA are inserted into a cloning vector and maintained during growth of the host cells. Vector is an agent that transfers genetic material into a cell or organism. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that find…

passed on. That’s what the concept of natural selection is. Mutations are random changes in that give rise to new alleles. We talked about this one earlier. Geographic isolation is what happens when mating between to populations of the same species does not occur because they never meet up. That means that over time, speciation (creation of a new species) can occur because the allele frequency can continue to polarize over time. Ancient sharks began to develop traits that allowed them to adapt…

many deleterious recessive alleles, and possibly caused the population to decline. The Isle Royale wolves selected against the progeny of M93 due to their high frequencies of deleterious alleles and high inbreeding coefficients even though the progeny had high heterozygosity. The Isle Royale wolves similar to the Chillingham cattle learnt in class, have appeared to evolve to exist with low heterozygosity levels in the population by purging deleterious recessive alleles over time and thus,…

insertions, and the various alleles occurred by restriction enzyme digestion. In this lab, the presence of the alu alleles were investigated in the DNA of individual 1 and 2 to determine whether the alu elements can be used as genetic marker to identify race. The null hypothesis stated that alu elements could not be used as a genetic marker to identify race. The alternative hypothesis (H1) stated that as individual 1 was an african american, they would have at least one alu allele thus, unable…

composed of individuals that vary in their susceptibility to the insecticide. The susceptibility and resistance to pesticides are established by a single gene locus with two alleles. The occurrence of the resistant allele within the population is initially quite small. Once the crop has been sprayed, the frequency of the resistant allele is higher allowing survivors to mate, creating a second generation of the…

studied the genetic variability, lacking modern genetic concepts. Today we know that genetic variation is the result of sexual reproduction and mutation process. Mutation is one of the main sources of genetic variation. Genes mutate at a certain frequency. Mutations are common in the population. Not all mutations affect genes; most of the mutations accumulated in the non-coding sequences. Basing on its consequences for the organism, mutations can be divided into harmful, useful and neutral.…

The clinicopathologic records for each patient were published previously [17] (Table 1). The average age of the randomly selected group of 100 breast carcinoma cases with stage I (24%), stage II (39%), stage III (33%), and stage IV (2%) and two patients undetermined disease was about 51.5 years. Fifty-eight percent of the patients were premenopausal cases, with an average age of 37.5 years. The average age of postmenopausal patients was 61.2 years. Numerous publications have reported aberrant…

be eliminated if random mating is done over tens of generation between groups of great physical separation. Thus controlled population stratification is good when a group study is done because as physical distance increases, genetic drift of allele frequencies increases which affect the loci in random manner [7]. 2.5 million SNP’s per group are generated and parsed according to some criterion. A total of 433,781 imputed and genotyped SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) were selected for…

The encounter of pathogens throughout human evolution and periods of migration results in an unfavorable relationship between the two species. As Karlsson, Kwiatkowski, and Sabeti write in their article, Natural Selection and Infectious Disease in Human Populations, it is known that the ancient relationship impacts pathogenic tendencies within humans today. In the article, the authors visit the genetics of various infectious and dangerous diseases, as well as common and less threatening diseases…