Agonist

History of Drugs in the Olympics Drug use in sports has been suspected to have existed since the Roman times in which Gladiators would be given stimulants to stop fatigue and even their horses would be given hydromel, a substance which would enable them to run faster (Ramlan Abdul Aziz,2006). However the first documented case of drugs and stimulants being used in sports wasn’t until 1904 when marathon runner, Thomas Hicks, was injected twice with a substance called Strychnine, which is more…

INTRODUCTION About 2400 years BC, Hippocrates advised: “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food” (Rishi 2006). Herbal medicines are used as a method of diseases treatment all over the world, especially in some countries like Iran. Advantages, such as less adverse effects, therapeutic efficacy, and lower final prices, make them a good alternative source for synthetic drugs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs used to treat joint, bone, and muscle…

Introduction The scientific study of Huntington’s Disease (HD) had began in 1872, by George Huntington who is a family physician that had published a report on the clinical symptoms and peculiar mode of inheritance of the disorder.(1, 2) Huntington’s disease has 3 subtypes according to the age onset, which are infantile, juvenile and the adult-onset.(2) Individuals with Huntington’s disease can become asymptomatic between the ages of 1 and 80 years.(3) The typical mean age of onset is 40 years,…

Is Oxytocin a potential treatment for social deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorders? A principal feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is a deficit in social interaction and empathy. In animal and in (some human) studies, oxytocin administered as an intranasal spray has demonstrated improved social interactions (1-4). Past and current studies have provided some genetic evidence that suggests oxytocin pathways in the brain might be deficient in patients with ASDs, although conflicting…

Introduction Parasitic helminth infections are an important burden to global public health, causing great morbidity in humans and livestock. Estimates claim that up to a quarter of the world´s population is affected by soil-transmitted helminths (1), although the incidences are mainly restricted to developing countries, due to poor sanitation resources and health care. Considering these facilities are relatively modern, it is likely that until the 19th century all human beings were infected…

Overview of The Myocyte The myocyte is composed of various protein filaments that comprise the contractile apparatus of the cardiac cell. Myofibrils, a collection of individual sarcomeres, enable contraction and relaxation of the myocyte. The sarcomere is the chief contractile unit of the cell. It is made up of two main proteins, myosin (thick filament) and actin (thin filament), as well as two regulatory proteins, tropomyosin and troponin. In order for the myocyte to contract and shorten it…

INTRODUCTION The nervous systems are developed by the proliferation of progenitors in the epithelium, the specification of neurons and glia, the growth and guidance of axons and dendrites, and the development and refinement of electrical and chemical synapses. In the central nervous system (CNS), stem cells reside throughout life in the forebrain, continuing to generate neurons and glia in the subventricular zone (SVZ) surrounding the lateral ventricle and in the dentate gyrus of the…

Dedication You know how it is. You pick up a book or a research, flip to the dedication, and find that, once again, the author has dedicated his research to someone else and not to you. Not this time. Because this time it is dedicated to you for taking a time to read this research. To my parents: thank you for your unconditional support with my studies I am honored to have you as my parents Thank you for giving me a chance to prove and improve myself through all my life please don 't ever…

The role of the circadian clock in Imiquimod-induced skin inflammation Introduction The circadian rhythm is a biological system that allows organisms to synchronize their activities to the coming and going of light in their external environment. All living organisms contain this biological clock that helps coordinate physiological activities, such as eating, sleeping, and reproducing, to promote survival. In mammals, the principal regulator of the circadian clock is a group of nerve cells known…

According to Schouten et al (2008), sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade coupled with down-regulation of anticoagulation and fibrinolysis. An intricate link between inflammation and coagulation exists within the body (Neligan, 2006). When a pathogen is present in the bloodstream or when tissue injury occurs, an inflammatory response occurs. The response causes a stimulation of the immune system to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis…