Agonist

The optimum length of a muscle to deliver maximum tension is slightly greater than the resting length of the muscle. This can be related back to the discussion earlier. Many people do not squat deep enough because the length of their muscles is allowing them to push back up with less effort, due to the length-tension relationship. However, this is how injuries to joints and ligaments can occur. It is much harder to fully squat because fewer cross bridges are making contact within the muscle, so…

When external antigen causes disease by infection, cell-mediated immune response in our body acts as basal defense system against exogenous pathogen. Native and adoptive immune system has established to attack infected cell by recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC). There are two major lymphocytes related to killing effect called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells.[1], CTLs and NK cells recognize peptide epitope present on MHC class I to find infected cell.…

1.Introduction COPD is the common chronic disease with the high rate of morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that COPD will become the third leading cause of death in 2020.1 The most noticeable symptoms of this disease are productive cough, shortness of breath and limited exercise capacity. While the main obvious pathophysiological hallmark of COPD is Expiratory Flow limitation which causes acute dynamic lung hyperinflation, dyspnea is increasingly implicated as the primary symptom causes…

C0MPARING AND CONTRASTING OPIATE ANALGESICS, TRAMADOL AND MORPHINE BMS291 An opioid is defined as “A drug that contains opium, opium derivatives or synthetic drugs that have an opium-like effect.” (Harris, 2010) Morphine is a prototype opioid that is used to treat patients with moderate to severe pain usually associated with postoperative pain or neoplastic disease. (Tiziani, 2010) Morphine produces pharmacological actions such as pain relief, by acting on receptors located on neural cell…

Drugs and Athletes In this paper I will include several different topics on the subject of Drug Testing Athletes. These subjects include, college athletes being drug tested, the different types of drugs that are used in all athletes, why drug use is a problem in sports, how to determine if an athletes is using drugs, drug testing polices, potential side effects, many historical use of drugs, and two different personal stories that have happened to former athletes. All athletes know that…

Many people are perplexed when it comes to mental disorders. Lack of awareness of various mental health disorders, symptoms, and behaviors can lead to misunderstanding individuals suffering from mental illness. This can lead people to be intimidated when using the correct approach, much less reach out to support. In gaining knowledge and understanding can give employers and the community the upper hand, in offering people with mental illness in the workplace options. Support can be rendered in…

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine system disorder affecting between 6.5 and 8 percent of women overall.1 PCOS is a condition that can cause women to have irregular periods, grow extra facial hair, gain weight and become obese. The exact cause of PCOS is unclear but it is usually caused by excessive production of androgens by the ovaries. Most patients with PCOS are overweight or obese, with obesity being reported in 30 to 75 percent of PCOS patients. Therefore, diet and exercise…

In 1956, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration first approved the use of Ritalin as an oral tablet with the active ingredient as methylphenidate hydrochloride. At first, Ritalin was mainly prescribed for use to treat chronic fatigue, depression, narcolepsy, and to offset the sedating effects of other medications. During the 1960s researchers focused on Ritalin as a form treatment of "hyperkinetic syndrome," which in now commonly known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the…

arginine to putrescine and ODC which converts ornithine to putrescine also produced low nicotine plants with increased levels of anatabine in Nicotiana tabacum [16, 17]. Anatabine is a toxic alkaloid derived from nicotinic acid and is a cholinergic agonist. MS, ESI spectra of the low nicotine RNAi plants in positive and negative mode did not show accumulation of anatabine. Instead, we report for the first time that reduction of nicotine content results in a concomitant increase in the content of…

The Heroin Epidemic According to Josh Katz, “drug overdoses are the leading cause of death for Americans under 50, and deaths are rising faster than ever.” It doesn’t matter your age, gender or social status, heroin affects people of all kinds. It’s a crisis 30 years in the making. (“Chasing Heroin”) The danger from drugs is too great to ignore for us and our children. Drug addiction dates back centuries, but the crisis we are now facing started in the 1980’s when doctors loosely prescribed…