Adrenergic

Beneficial effects of the beta adrenergic antagonists in the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is not uncommon for the patients to present with two or more disease states at the same time. Thus, the management of such concomitant disease states may be pharmacologically challenging as it is, for example, in the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypertension (HTN) with a compelling indication of the post-myocardial infarction (post-MI). COPD is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by the inadequate airflow which makes the breathing more difficult. COPD patients are commonly treated with the bronchodilators such as the beta-2 adrenergic agonists.1 The beta-2 agonists stimulate…

Albuterol is an adrenergic receptor agonist with pharmacological properties and therapeutic indications similar to terbutaline. The mechanism of the anti-asthmatic action of adrenergic receptor agonists is without a doubt linked to the direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle and the bronchodilator. Although human bronchial smooth muscle receives little or no sympathetic stoppage, it contains large numbers of adrenergic receptors. When the adrenergic receptors activate the adenylyl cyclase…

These receptors are found in the cardiac muscle and their stimulation has a positive inotropic effect (increases the contractility of the heart). It does so without significantly increasing heart rate or affecting peripheral vascular resistance (as it does not activate alpha adrenergic receptors of blood vessels). The result is increased cardiac output via increased stroke volume (Tariq & Aronow, 2015). In the case of Mrs Kelly the cardiac muscles are stunned by ischemia and have decreased…

Intrinsic Cardiac Activity: The first peak of the electrocardiogram graph corresponded to the atrial contraction of the heart. The second peak of the electrocardiogram graph corresponded to the ventricular contraction of the heart. The third peak observed corresponded to the relaxation of the heart. Frank-Starling Mechanism: There was no significant trend observed in ventricular contractile force in response to increasing imposed length of the heart (Fig 1a). A maximum ventricular contractile…

The Role of Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor in Disease Adrenergic receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are activated by catecholamines in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (1-AR) are systematic vasoconstrictors: their activation constricts blood vessels by the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. These transmembrane receptors are activated by the binding of epinephrine or norepinephrine, which creates intracellular signals via…

understand the collapse of the heart, first, the heart rate must be well understood. The heart rate in a fish is a combination of the intrinsic heart rate and the extrinsic modulations that act on it, such as excitatory adrenergic stimulations and inhibitory cholinergic stimulations (Nilsson, 1983). With the hypothesis that intrinsic heart rate might be the limiting factor, many have attempted to study the intrinsic cardiac functioning to further the understanding of the mechanical properties of…

8.) Diaphoresis or sweating due to ectopic catecholamine is a symptom of a pheochromocytoma. The majority of sweat glands in the body are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons usually secrete norepinephrine and are called sympathetic adrenergic neurons. However, when sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervate sweat glands, they secrete acetylcholine. Sweat glands and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons. 9.) Patients…

detect whether the alpha and beta adrenergic receptor autoantibodies, the two types of AR autoantibodies, are present in a POTS patient (JAHA abstract). The two autoantibodies cause an abnormal heart rate responses when the patients get tested for the autoimmune condition (The Dysautonomia Dispatch 2). Every POTS patient tested reacted the way a normal autoimmune patient would, causing Dr. David Kem to believe that POTS is most definitely an autoimmune condition. Although this test proves it to…

An intensive review of these five cases revealed that the severity of the penile erection symptoms in children was less than those observed in adults and adolescents7-9,13-17. All of the case reports involving adults and adolescents older than 12 years old reported similar presentations that included priapism (prolonged penile erection more than 4 hours without sexual stimuli)6,13-18. In contrast, this report and the only previous case report of a child younger than 12 years old found that all…

Advanced Anatomy and Physiology October 2, 2016 Hypertension secondary to Pheochromocytoma Definition: Pheochromacytomas are neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla (and occasionally elsewhere) that can result in hypertension secondary to the hypersecretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and/or norepinephrine. This can be continuous or episodic and this release subsequently affects blood pressure by raising it as part of the body’s fight or flight response. According to our…