Urinary System (A&p Exam Iii)

Front 1

What is included in the Urinary system?

Back 1

-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-1 urinary bladder
-1 urethra

Front 2

how much can the bladder hold?

Back 2

800-1,000ml of urine

Front 3

nephrology:

Back 3

study of kidneys

Front 4

Urology

Back 4

study of urinary and reproductive systems of both males and females

Front 5

Urologist

Back 5

one who studies that urogenital system

Front 6

3 things that the urinary system does:

Back 6

filtration (filter blood plasma and waste), reabsorption (of wastes) and secretion (of urine)

Front 7

7 functions of the kidneys:

Back 7

1) regulate blood ionic composition (Na, Ca, Cl, K, HPO4)
2) regulate blood pH (excrete H ions and conserve HCO3)
3) regulate blood volume
4) maintain blood osmolarity (maintain isotonic nature)
5) produce hormones (Calcitrol and Erythropoietin)
6) regulate blood glucose levels by using glutamine
7) excrete waste and foreign objects (ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatine)

Front 8

Calcitrol:

Back 8

a hormone produced by the kidneys... it's an active form of vitamin D and regulates Ca homeostasis

Front 9

Erythropoietin:

Back 9

a hormone produced by the kidneys ... stimulate RBC production

Front 10

Retroperitoneal:

Back 10

this is what the kidneys are referred to as, means "behind peritoneal"

Front 11

location of kidneys:

Back 11

-just above the waist
-last thorasic and 3 lumbar

Front 12

which ribs protect the kidneys?

Back 12

the 11th and 12th ribs protect partially

Front 13

which kidney is slightly lower than the other?

Back 13

right kidney is slightly lower because of liver location

Front 14

size of kidneys:

Back 14

10-12cm long
5-7cm wide
3cm thick

Front 15

There is an indentation in the kidneys... what is this called?

Back 15

Concave medial border

Front 16

What is in the middle of the concave medial border?

Back 16

the renal hilum

Front 17

What stems from the renal hilum?

Back 17

BV (renal artery and vein), lymph nodes, ureter, and nerves

Front 18

3 layers of kidneys:

Back 18

deep, middle, and superficial

Front 19

deep layer of the kidneys:

Back 19

renal capsule, dense irregular tissue, its smooth and transparent

Front 20

middle layer of the kidneys:

Back 20

adipose tissue, protects kidneys from trauma and anchors it in place

Front 21

superficial layer of kidneys:

Back 21

renal facsia, anchors to surrounding structures and abdominal wall, thin dense irregular tissue

Front 22

renal sinus:

Back 22

cavity inside hilum

Front 23

function of ureter:

Back 23

transportation

Front 24

function of urethra:

Back 24

excretes the urine

Front 25

renal cortex:

Back 25

outer portion of kidney, function is filtration and reabsorption

Front 26

renal medulla:

Back 26

deep to renal cortex, has renal pyramids and renal columns.

Front 27

renal pyramids:

Back 27

striped pyramid looking shit

Front 28

renal columns:

Back 28

spaces in between pyramids

Front 29

Parenchyma:

Back 29

functional portion of the kidneys

Front 30

what are within the parenchyma?

Back 30

nephrons

Front 31

nephrons:

Back 31

about 1 million in each kidney
-urine is formed here and is drained into the papillary ducts

Front 32

Papillary ducts:

Back 32

small cups that extend all through the pyramids and columns.

Front 33

how many minor calycex?

Back 33

8-18 per kidney

Front 34

how many major calycex?

Back 34

2-3 per kidney

Front 35

flow of urine:

Back 35

-nephrons
-papillary ducts
-minor calycex
-major calycex
-renal pelvis
-ureter
-urinary bladder
-urethra

Front 36

Pathway of urine in kidneys:

Back 36

1)nephrons
2)collecting ducts
3)papillary ducts
4)minor calyx
5)major calyx
6)renal pelvis
7)ureter
8)urinary bladder
9)urethra

Front 37

why is blood flow important in the urinary system?

Back 37

because urine is formed FROM the blood

Front 38

how much blood flows through the kidneys in adults?

Back 38

1200 mL/ min

Front 39

Blood flow IN KIDNEYS:

Back 39

1)enters renal artery
2)segmental arteries
-reach segments of renal medulla
3)interlobar arteries
4)arcutate arteries
5)cortical radiate arteries
6)afferent arteries -enter renal cortex
7)Glomerulus capillaries
8)efferent arteries
9)peritubular capillaries
10)cortical radiate veins
11)arcuate veins
12)interlobar veins
13)renal vein

Front 40

where are the interlobar arteries?

Back 40

in between renal pyramids

Front 41

where are the arcuate arteries?

Back 41

between renal cortex and medulla

Front 42

where are the cortical radiate arteries?

Back 42

in between lobes of renal medulla

Front 43

how many capillary beds?

Back 43

1 per nephron (so million in each kidney)

Front 44

what are the two parts to the nephron?

Back 44

-renal corpuscle
-renal tubule

Front 45

renal corpuscle:

Back 45

-filters plasma and has two parts:
1)Glomerulus
2)Glomeruler Capsule (aka Bowman's)

Front 46

Glomerulus:

Back 46

part of renal corpuscle that is the capillary network

Front 47

Glomeruler Capsule (Bowman's)

Back 47

part of renal corpuscle that filters blood plasma and pushes it to the renal tubules

Front 48

Renal Tubules (structural)

Back 48

-this is where filtered fluid flows and it contains:
1)Proximal convoluted tubule (proximal to Glomerulus)
2)Nephron loop
3)Distal convoluted tubule (moves into collecting ducts)

Front 49

Podocytes:

Back 49

specialized epithelial cells/simple squamous cells with foot-like projections, allows greater filtration by increasing the surface area.... these have fenstration and pores

Front 50

FUNCTION of renal tubule:

Back 50

-it makes the urine.
1)Tubular reabsorption
2)Tubular Secretion

Front 51

Tubular Reabsorption

Back 51

function of the renal tubule that about 99% of all filtered solutes and water are absorbed and given back to blood

Front 52

Tubular Secretion:

Back 52

function of renal tubule that secretes unneeded items (drugs, waste, excess ions)

Front 53

Glomerular Filtrate:

Back 53

substances filtered from blood plasma by podocytes
-can consist of glucose, sodium, potassium, urea, and creatine.

Front 54

Fenstrations:

Back 54

large pores about 70 ~ 100 nm big, they do not permit solid components (RBC or platelets) through

Front 55

Filtration is affected by:

Back 55

-pore size
-myogenic mechanism
-gloumular-tubular feedback
-neuronal regulation
-hormonal regulation

Front 56

Myogenic feedback (mechanism)

Back 56

-this is filtration control in kidneys
-its stretching of afferent arteriole, affects the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
-increases BP, decreases GFR (constricted)
-decreases BP, increases GFR (dialated)

Front 57

GFR

Back 57

(Glomerular Filtration Rate): the rate of filtration of Glomerular capsule filters blood from Glomerulus

Front 58

Tubularglomular feedback

Back 58

-this is filtration control in the kidneys
-starts at homeostasis---> disruption----> receptors on kidneys signal JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS -----> afferent arteriol constriction ----> decrease in GFR

Front 59

Neuronal Regulation

Back 59

-this is a filtration control in the kidneys
-significant drop in BP -----> increase in sympathetic responses ---> increase in norepinephrine release ---> decrease in GFR because of constiction of afferent arteriole

-increase in parasympathetic means increase in GFR (or return to normal)

Front 60

Hormonal Regulation

Back 60

-this is filtration control in the kidneys
-angiotensin II is released when theres a drop in BP or BV
-ANP stimulates H2O and salt loss in urine

Front 61

What is Angiotensin II?

Back 61

its a vasoconstictor and it creates a secretion of aldosterone secretion

Front 62

how does tubular secretion happen?

Back 62

it's a transport mechanism

Front 63

what are the active transport mechanisms in the urinary system?

Back 63

-active transport pumps (must use ATP)
-elecrtrochemical gradient

Front 64

what are the passive transport mechanisms in the urinary system?

Back 64

-osmosis
-diffusion
-filtration

Front 65

what do kidneys filter out?

Back 65

glucose, Na, urea, vitamins, water, potassium (K)

Front 66

What is Angiotensin II?

Back 66

its a vasoconstictor and it creates a secretion of aldosterone secretion

Front 67

how does tubular secretion happen?

Back 67

it's a transport mechanism

Front 68

what are the active transport mechanisms in the urinary system?

Back 68

-active transport pumps (must use ATP)
-elecrtrochemical gradient

Front 69

what are the passive transport mechanisms in the urinary system?

Back 69

-osmosis
-diffusion
-filtration

Front 70

what do kidneys filter out?

Back 70

glucose, Na, urea, vitamins, water, potassium (K)

Front 71

What do the filters exclude?

Back 71

proteins, RBC, platelets

Front 72

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Back 72

-responsible fro reabsorption of filtered substances
-water (osmosis), Na (active transport), K (active transport), glucose (active transport)

Front 73

what do the proximal convoluted tubes secrete?

Back 73

H, NH4, urea, and creatine

Front 74

Nephron Loop:

Back 74

-responsible for reabsorption of: H20 (osmosis), Cl (diffusion), Na and K (active transport)

Front 75

what does the nephron loop secrete?

Back 75

H, NH4, urea, and creatine

Front 76

Distal Convuluted Tubules:

Back 76

-reabsorption of: H20, Na, Cl and Ca (electrochemical gradient)

Front 77

what do the distal convoluted tubules secrete?

Back 77

H, NH, urea, and creatine

Front 78

what do the 2 ureters do?

Back 78

they transport urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

Front 79

how do the ureters transport?

Back 79

1) Peristalic contractions
2) Hydrostatic pressure & gravity

Front 80

Peristalic contractions:

Back 80

contractions of muscular cell wall in a wave-like manner in the ureters

Front 81

how long does the transportation from the ureters to the bladder take?

Back 81

1-5 minutes

Front 82

size of ureters:

Back 82

*25 - 30 cm long
*1 - 10 mm in diameter

Front 83

where is the ureters located?

Back 83

retroperitoneal

Front 84

Physiologic valve:

Back 84

between ureters and bladder and stops the backflow of urine.
-if this doesn't work, the person gets a kidney infection

Front 85

3 layers of the ureters (deep to superficial):

Back 85

Mucosa, Muscularis, Advenditia

Front 86

Mucosa layer of the ureter:

Back 86

mucous membrane made of transitional epithelium and lamina propia which is areolar connective tissue

Front 87

Muscularis layer of the ureter:

Back 87

smooth muscle, peristalic contractions

Front 88

Advendita layer of the ureter:

Back 88

areolar connective tissue
-includes BV, LV, nerves
-helps to anchor the ureters

Front 89

Urinary Bladder (definition):

Back 89

its a hollow distendable (meaning it can expand) muscular organ located in pelvic cavity

Front 90

where is the bladder located in males?

Back 90

directly anterior to the rectum

Front 91

where id the urinary bladder located in females?

Back 91

anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus

Front 92

how much can the female bladder hold?

Back 92

700-800mL of urine

Front 93

Trigone:

Back 93

at floor of bladder, this is where the urinary bladder connects to urethra, very muscular, its one of the 3 openings in the bladder

Front 94

what are the openings of the bladder made of?

Back 94

theres circular fibers of smooth muscle

Front 95

Urogenital diaphragm:

Back 95

smooth muscle in a longitudinal fashion that expands and contracts with urinary bladder

Front 96

Urethra (defintion):

Back 96

runs from internal urethral orifice (where bladder connects) to outside of the body

Front 97

how long is a female's urethra?

Back 97

4cm

Front 98

how long is a male's urethra?

Back 98

20cm

Front 99

control of urine (aka Micturition Reflex):

Back 99

once volume in bladder reaches 200-400mL, there is an increase in pressure that activates stretch receptors...
-then sends an AP to spinal cord
-then to micturition center
-internal sphincter
-simultaneously you get stretch receptors activated in External Urethral Sphinter
-AP through spinal cord to brain (pre-central gyrus)

Front 100

Analgesic Nephropathy

Back 100

-happens when someone is on long term pain reliever usage; NSAIDs and combine with caffiene, codiene, acetomiphin

Front 101

Chronic Renal Failure

Back 101

-progressive kidney disease
-end stage renal failure
-kidneys no longer filter out at an effective rate, if it reaches below 12% of kidney function, you're put on dialysis

Front 102

Glomerularnephritis:

Back 102

-inflammation in glomerulus; common in autoimmune disorders
-effects complement pathway
-effects filtration, causing bloating
-glomerularnecrosis (scarring of the glomerulus) happens if this goes untreated

Front 103

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome:

Back 103

-caused by E.coli 0157 H7, causes RBC to lyse
-causes red bloody diaherra
-leads to chronic renal failure