The Urinary System- A&pii Ch. 23

Front 1

the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

Back 1

azotemia

Front 2

each kidney has one million or more functional units called

Back 2

nephrons

Front 3

aldosterone

Back 3

hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule

Front 4

ADH

Back 4

hormone that regulates water permeability of the collecting duct

Front 5

glomerulus

Back 5

urine formation begins with the filtration of fluid from a spheroid capillary bed called the...

Front 6

process in which the renal tubules remove wastes from the blood and add them to the tubular fluid

Back 6

tubular secretion

Front 7

urine is conveyed from the kidney to the bladder by a tube called the

Back 7

ureter

Front 8

micturition reflex

Back 8

reflex that involuntarily empties the bladder unless one consciously suppresses urination

Front 9

the yellow color of urine is due to the pigment

Back 9

urochrome

Front 10

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 10

monitors the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid and adjusts the glomerular filtration rate

Front 11

The ___________________ reabsorbs about the same amount of water regardless of the body's state of hydration.

Back 11

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 12

Urine (is/ is not) always hypertonic to the blood plasma.

Back 12

is NOT

Front 13

Glycosuria does not occur in diabetes _____.

Back 13

Insipidus

Front 14

___________ is an enzyme, secreted by the JG cells, that acts on angiotensinogen

Back 14

Renin

Front 15

The NH2 group is removed from amino acts and forms ammonia. The ___ converts it to urea.

Back 15

LIVER

Front 16

_____ is the most nitrogenous waste in the blood.

Back 16

urea (about 50%)

Front 17

What are the four major nitrogenous wastes?

Back 17

urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine

Front 18

NH3

Back 18

Ammonia

Front 19

Where does urea come from?

Back 19

by-product of protein catabolism

Front 20

What is produced by the catabolism of nucleic acids?

Back 20

uric acid

Front 21

What is produced by the catabolism of creatine phosphate?

Back 21

creatinine

Front 22

The osmolarity of a nonionizing solute is equal to its_______-

Back 22

molarity

Front 23

After urine enters a _________, it undergoes no further changes in composition of concentration.

Back 23

minor calyx

Front 24

True/False: Not all nephrons have a nephron loop

Back 24

true

Front 25

True/False: The vasa recta arise mainly from t he arcuate arteries and perfuse the renal medulla

Back 25

false

Front 26

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of _____

Back 26

podocytes

Front 27

Voluntary control over urination employs the _____________-

Back 27

external urethral sphincter

Front 28

True/False: The urinary bladder could not be emptied without the aid of the micturition center of the pons.

Back 28

false

Front 29

True/False; All urea is removed from the blood as it circulates through the kidneys

Back 29

false

Front 30

Aldosterone has no effect on _____ reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule.

Back 30

sodium

Front 31

_____ can be described as having spaces called glomerular filtration slits between them.

Back 31

podocytes

Front 32

_____ can be described as the hormone that constricts the efferent arteriole and maintains the glomerular filtration rate when BP drops.

Back 32

angiotensin II

Front 33

________can be described as the process in which solutes follow water t hat is being absorbed by osmosis.

Back 33

solvent drag

Front 34

this occurs when the glucose concentration i n the proximal convoluted tubule is greater than the transport maximum

Back 34

glycosuria

Front 35

________can be described as the hormone that inhibits sodium reabsorption, increasng sodium output in the urine

Back 35

atrial natriuretic factor

Front 36

Nephron loop is a countercurrent multiplier or countercurrent exchanger/

Back 36

multiplier

Front 37

Vasa recta is a countercurrent multiplier or countercurrent exchanger?

Back 37

exchanger

Front 38

Specific Gravity

Back 38

the weight of urine per mL relative to the weight of distilled water per mL

Front 39

excessive urine output

Back 39

polyuria

Front 40

the muscularis of the urinary bladder

Back 40

detrusor muscle

Front 41

blood plasma has an osmolarity of about

Back 41

300 mOsm/L

Front 42

starting in the abdominal cavity and progressing dorsally, you would have to cut through the _____, in this order to expose the kidney

Back 42

peritoneum, renal fascia, adipose capsule, renal capsule

Front 43

name four parts of a nephron

Back 43

glomerulus, glomerular capsule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

Front 44

collecting duct is NOT part of ___-

Back 44

nephron

Front 45

Urine does not normally contain____

Back 45

glucose

Front 46

Urine normally contains....

Back 46

sodium, urea, creatinine, potassium

Front 47

the average adult must excrete at least ____ of urine per day to maintain a safe and stable concentration of urea in the blood

Back 47

400mL

Front 48

If magnesium chloride completely ionizes in water to Mg2 a nd 2Cl, it would require ___ of MgCl2 to make 0.5 L of a 300 mOsm/L solution

Back 48

50 millimoles

Front 49

what are the three regions of the male urethra/

Back 49

prostatic, membranous, penile

Front 50

Immediately after the arcuate artery, blood flows into

Back 50

the interlobular arteries

Front 51

if we follow the ureter into the kidney, we find that the first structure to arise from it is

Back 51

the renal pelvis

Front 52

the cells of the distal convoluted tubule that come in contact with the afferent arteriole are

Back 52

the macula densa

Front 53

the blood vessels of the renal medulla that run alongside the nephron loops are

Back 53

the vasa recta

Front 54

the trigone is a triangular region of

Back 54

the urinary bladder

Front 55

there is one ___ for each nephron

Back 55

afferent arteriole

Front 56

the total amount of fluid entering tha capsular spaces of all the nephrons in a given time is called

Back 56

the glomerular filtration rate

Front 57

the _____ do not secrete hormones that stimulate thirst

Back 57

kidneys

Front 58

the kidneys Do...

Back 58

control BP
regulate pH of body fluids
have a role in erythrocyte production
produce vitamin D

Front 59

by constricting the ____, angiotensin II maintains the BP in the glomerulus even when systemic BP drops

Back 59

efferent a rteriole

Front 60

glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by

Back 60

the proximal convoluted tubule

Front 61

the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to

Back 61

sodium, potassium, and chloride ions, but not water

Front 62

the collecting duct reabsorbs not only water but also-___, thus contributing to the osmotic gradient of t he renal medulla.

Back 62

urea

Front 63

kidney damage can cause____, the excretion of protein in t he urine

Back 63

albuminuria

Front 64

the glomerular capsule and glomerulus make up

Back 64

a renal corpuscle

Front 65

glucose gets from the tubular fluid into the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubule cells by means of

Back 65

secondary active transport

Front 66

a simple squamous epithelium is found in

Back 66

the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule and thin segment of the nephron loop

Front 67

if not for the counter current multiplier, the kidneys could not produce

Back 67

hypertonic urine

Front 68

blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high compared to other capillaries because the diameter of the _______- is greater than that of teh __________

Back 68

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

Front 69

the first step in leading to angiotensisn II production is the secretion of ____ by the kidneys

Back 69

renin

Front 70

in DM, glycosuria occurs because the concentration of glucose in t he glomerular filtrate exceeds...

Back 70

the transport maximum of the proximal tubule

Front 71

because of the ____, very little albumin escapes from the blood during glomerular filtration.

Back 71

basement membrane of the glomerulus

Front 72

vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole would reduce the ________

Back 72

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Front 73

atrial natriuretic factor is secreted in response to

Back 73

HTN

Front 74

a realistic value for _____ is about 180 L/day

Back 74

glomerular filtration rate

Front 75

a patient produces 80mL of urine per hour. her urine contains 9.0 mg of urea per mL, and her blood contains 0.20 mg of urea per mL. what is her rate of renal clearance for urea?

Back 75

60mL/min

Front 76

the rate of renal clearance of penicillin is greater t han the glomerular filtration rate. this suggests that _____

Back 76

pencillin is removed from the blood by tubular secretion

Front 77

the kidneys secrete the hormone ____, which stimulates RBC production.

Back 77

erythropoietin

Front 78

the kidneys secrete the enzyme renin, which...

Back 78

stimulate the formation of angiotensin I, which ultimately increases BP

Front 79

the kidney adds an hydroxyl group to calcidiol converting it to

Back 79

active vitamin D

Front 80

urea is a combination of

Back 80

ammonia and carbon dioxide

Front 81

uric acid is formed by the catabolism of ____, which creatinine is fromed by the catabolism of ______

Back 81

nucleic acides, creatine phosphate

Front 82

The kidneys are located at levels ____ vertebrae, and t he ____ kidney is more inferior because of the space occupied by the liver above it.

Back 82

T 12 to L 3: right

Front 83

the kidney is connected to the parietal peritoneum by the

Back 83

renal fascia

Front 84

the renal parenchyma contains an o uter renal ____ that extends inward to form renal ____

Back 84

cortex; columns

Front 85

trace urine from the collecting duct of the nephron to the ureter

Back 85

papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

Front 86

this tubule has a simple cuboidal epithelium nearly devoid of microvilli

Back 86

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Front 87

the concentration gradient is maintained in the renal medulla by ____ nephrons, which make up____% of the nephrons.

Back 87

juxtamedullary; 15

Front 88

the capillary bed associated with nephron loop in the juxtamedullary nephron is the

Back 88

vasa recta

Front 89

the interlobar artery penetrates each renal column and gives off the ___ artery that runs at the boundary between the cortex and medulla.

Back 89

arcuate

Front 90

the arcuate arteries travel at the junction of the medulla and cortex and g ive rise to ____ arteries, which pass outward into the cortex

Back 90

interlobular

Front 91

the ____ feeds into the glomerulus and the ____ drains the glomerulus

Back 91

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

Front 92

the glomerulus has the highest blood hydrostatic pressure of any capillary bed in the body because it is drained by the ____ arteriole, which has ____ diameter than the arteriole feeding the glomerulus

Back 92

efferent; a smaller

Front 93

the afferent and efferent arterioles come in contact with the DCT just outside the glomerular capsule. This complex is called the ____

Back 93

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 94

the glomerular filtrate most resembles

Back 94

plasma

Front 95

special cells called ____ wrap ____ around the glomeruli to form negatively charged filtration slits

Back 95

podocytes; pedicles

Front 96

which molecule would you expect to have the most difficulty crossing the glomerular filtration membrane?

Back 96

albumin

Front 97

you found a high level of albumin in the urine. this was most likely caused by...

Back 97

kidney trauma or infection

Front 98

the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is about ____mL/min

Back 98

125

Front 99

adults produce about ___L/day of glomerular filtrate and excrete about ___ L/day of urine.

Back 99

150-180; 1-2

Front 100

a low GFR will cause the juxtaglomerular cells to release ____, which will _____

Back 100

renin; increase BP

Front 101

the ion that creates an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the reabsorption of water and other solutes is

Back 101

sodium

Front 102

sodium ions enter the epithelial cellls from the glomerular filtrate by sumport and antiport, yet the concentration of sodium in the cytoplasm remains low. this can be explained because sodium is

Back 102

actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump in to the extracellular fluid

Front 103

substantial amounts of bicarbonate ions are filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus, but urine is usually bicarbonate free. bicarbonate ions c ombine with ___ ions in the glomerular filtrate to form___, which diffuses into the epithelial cells

Back 103

H; CO2

Front 104

this hormone bindns to principal cells in the DCT to reabsorb Na and secrete K

Back 104

aldosterone

Front 105

the thin segment of the descending limb of the nephron loop is very permeable to ____, while the thick segment of the ascending nephron loop actively transports ___ into the ECF

Back 105

water; Na, K, 2Cl

Front 106

Many diuretic drugs, such as Lasix, produce osmotic diuresis by

Back 106

inhibiting Na reabsorption

Front 107

the internal urethral sphincter is made up of ____ and contracts in response to -____ stimulation

Back 107

smooth; sympathetic