Ch 01 - The Human Body: An Orientation

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another; the "what"

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities; the "why"

Front 3

complementarity of structure and function

Back 3

form relates to function

Front 4

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

Back 4

the study of large body structures

Front 5

regional anatomy

Back 5

all the structures in a particular region of a body are examined at the same time

Front 6

systemic anatomy

Back 6

body structure is studied system by system

Front 7

surface anatomy

Back 7

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Front 8

microscopic anatomy

Back 8

examines structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Front 9

cytology

Back 9

the study of the cells of the body

Front 10

histology

Back 10

the study of tissues

Front 11

developmental anatomy

Back 11

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan

Front 12

embryology

Back 12

concerns developmental changes that occur before birth; a subdivision of developmental anatomy

Front 13

pathological anatomy

Back 13

the study of structural changes caused by disease

Front 14

radiographic anatomy

Back 14

studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

Front 15

molecular biology

Back 15

the study of the structure of biological molecules

Front 16

anatomical terminology

Back 16

standardization of medical terms for relating ideas to others

Front 17

chemistry

Back 17

the branch of science that deals with chemical reactions that occur in the body

Front 18

physics

Back 18

the branch of science that deals with the nature and properties of matter and energy

Front 19

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organismal level

Back 19

6 levels of structural organization

Front 20

chemical level

Back 20

the level where atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins

Front 21

atom

Back 21

the basic unit of a chemical element

Front 22

molecule

Back 22

created by atoms bonded together

Front 23

cell

Back 23

the smallest unit of living things

Front 24

tissue

Back 24

groups of similar cells that have a common function

Front 25

1. epithelium

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

Back 25

4 types of tissue

Front 26

organ

Back 26

a structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function in the body

Front 27

organ system

Back 27

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Front 28

organism

Back 28

the sum total of all structure levels working together to keep us alive

Front 29

integumentary system

Back 29

system that forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, and synthesizes vitamin D; skin, hair, and nails

Front 30

skeletal system

Back 30

system that protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework for muscles; bone, cartilage, and joints

Front 31

muscular system

Back 31

system that allows for movement, manipulation, and facial expression; muscles, tendons

Front 32

nervous system

Back 32

system responsible for fast-acting communication and control; brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 33

endocrine system

Back 33

system responsible for slow communication and control via hormones; glands

Front 34

cardiovascular system

Back 34

system that transports oxygen (blood), nutrients, and wastes; heart and blood vessels

Front 35

lymphatic system

Back 35

system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, also involved in immunity; lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, and spleen

Front 36

respiratory system

Back 36

system that supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 37

digestive system

Back 37

system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; oral cavity and GI tract

Front 38

urinary system

Back 38

system that eliminates wastes, and regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood; kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Front 39

reproductive system

Back 39

system including the cells, tissues, and organs necessary for reproduction

Front 40

1. boundaries
2. movement
3. responsiveness
4. digestion
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7. reproduction
8. growth

Back 40

8 necessary life functions

Front 41

maintenance of boundaries

Back 41

keeping the internal environment separate from the external environment; cell membrane, skin

Front 42

movement

Back 42

the activities promoted by the muscular system; peristalsis (internal), locomotion (external)

Front 43

contractility

Back 43

the muscle cell's ability to contract by shortening

Front 44

responsiveness (excitability)

Back 44

the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them

Front 45

digestion

Back 45

the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

Front 46

metabolism

Back 46

broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

Front 47

catabolism

Back 47

breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks

Front 48

anabolism

Back 48

synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

Front 49

cellular respiration

Back 49

using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP

Front 50

excretion

Back 50

the process of removing wastes

Front 51

reproduction

Back 51

the production of offspring

Front 52

growth

Back 52

an increase in body size of a body part or the organism as a whole

Front 53

1. nutrients

2. oxygen

3. water

4. temperature

5. atmospheric pressure

Back 53

5 survival needs

Front 54

nutrients

Back 54

contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building; proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals

Front 55

carbohydrates

Back 55

nutrients that are the major energy fuel for body cells

Front 56

proteins

Back 56

nutrients that are essential for building cell structures

Front 57

fats

Back 57

nutrients that provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel; can also be used to build cell structures

Front 58

oxygen

Back 58

required for chemical reactions that release energy; approximately 20% of the air we breathe

Front 59

water

Back 59

provides the environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions; 60-80% of body weight and the most abundant chemical substance in the body

Front 60

normal body temperature (37° C, 98.6° F)

Back 60

necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates

Front 61

atmospheric pressure

Back 61

the force that air exerts on the surface of the body; necessary for breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

Front 62

homeostasis

Back 62

the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

Front 63

dynamic equilibrium

Back 63

some change and variation but with narrow limits; used to describe homeostasis

Front 64

variable

Back 64

a factor or event being regulated

Front 65

receptor

Back 65

some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes

Front 66

stimuli

Back 66

changes in the environment

Front 67

control center

Back 67

determines the set point, the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

Front 68

set point

Back 68

level or range that a variable should be maintained

Front 69

effector

Back 69

provides the means for the control center's response to a stimulu

Front 70

negative feedback mechanism

Back 70

system in which the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity; ex. body temperature, blood glucose levels

Front 71

positive feedback mechanism

Back 71

system in which the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated; labor contractions, blood clotting

Front 72

homeostatic imbalance

Back 72

a disturbance of homeostasis caused by disease

Front 73

anatomical position

Back 73

standard body position, with the body erect and feet slightly apart, and the palms facing forward

Front 74

directional terms

Back 74

explain where one body structure is in relation to another

Front 75

sagittal plane

Back 75

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Front 76

midsagittal plane (median plane)

Back 76

a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline of the body

Front 77

parasagittal plane

Back 77

sagittal planes offset from the midline

Front 78

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Back 78

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior

Front 79

transverse plane (horizontal plane)

Back 79

plane that runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Front 80

cross section

Back 80

another name for a transverse section

Front 81

oblique sections

Back 81

cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes; seldom used

Front 82

dorsal body cavity

Back 82

body cavity that protects the fragile nervous system organs; divided into cranial and spinal

Front 83

cranial cavity

Back 83

cavity encasing the brain

Front 84

vertebral cavity (spinal cavity)

Back 84

cavity encasing the spinal cord

Front 85

ventral body cavity

Back 85

body cavity housing the internal organs; divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic

Front 86

viscera

Back 86

internal body organs housed by the ventral body cavity

Front 87

thoracic cavity

Back 87

cavity surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest; divided into pleural and mediastinum

Front 88

pleural cavity

Back 88

cavities enveloping the lungs

Front 89

mediastinal cavity

Back 89

cavity containing the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, and also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

Front 90

pericardial cavity

Back 90

cavity containing the heart

Front 91

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 91

inferior cavity divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 92

abdominal cavity

Back 92

cavity containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Front 93

pelvic cavity

Back 93

cavity containing the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Front 94

serous membrane (serosa)

Back 94

a thin, double-layered membrane covering the walls of the ventral body cavity and organs

Front 95

1. parietal

2. visceral

Back 95

2 types of serous membranes

Front 96

parietal serosa

Back 96

part of the serous membrane lining the cavity walls

Front 97

visceral serosa

Back 97

part of the serous membrane covering the organs

Front 98

serous fluid

Back 98

a thin layer of lubricating fluid separating the serous membranes

Front 99

pericardium

Back 99

the serous membrane that covers the heart

Front 100

pleura

Back 100

the serous membrane that covers the lungs

Front 101

peritoneum

Back 101

the serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs

Front 102

1. oral

2. nasal

3. orbital

4. middle ear

5. synovial

Back 102

5 smaller body cavities

Front 103

1. right hypochondriac

2. epigastric

3. left hypochondriac

4. right lumbar

5. umbilical

6. left lumbar

7. right iliac

8. hypogastric

9. left iliac

Back 103

9 abdominopelvic regions

Front 104

1. right upper quadrant

2. left upper quadrant

3. right lower quadrant

4. left lower quadrant

Back 104

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

Front 105

superior (cranial)

Back 105

toward the head or upper part of the body; above

Front 106

inferior (caudal)

Back 106

toward the lower part of the body; below

Front 107

ventral (anterior)

Back 107

toward the front of the body; in front of

Front 108

dorsal (posterior)

Back 108

toward the back of the body; behind

Front 109

medial

Back 109

toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Front 110

lateral

Back 110

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Front 111

intermediate

Back 111

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Front 112

proximal

Back 112

closer to the point of attachment

Front 113

distal

Back 113

farther from the point of attachment

Front 114

superficial (external)

Back 114

toward or at the body surface

Front 115

deep (internal)

Back 115

away from the body surface; more internal