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97 Cards in this Set

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joint (articulation)

the site where two or more bones meet; weakest part of the skeleton

1. synarthroses


2. amphiarthroses


3. diarthroses

3 functional classes of joints

synarthroses

immovable joints

amphiarthroses

slightly movable joints

diarthroses

freely movable joints

1. fibrous


2. cartilaginous


3. synovial

3 structural classes of joints

fibrous - skull, teeth


cartilaginous - epiphyseal plate, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs


synovial - most of the body, especially limbs

give examples of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints:

fibrous joints

joint type in which bones are connected by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity; most are synarthrotic

1. sutures


2. syndesmoses


3. gomphoses

3 types of fibrous joints

sutures

type of fibrous joint in which the bone edges interlock with short connective tissue fibers; ex. the skull

synostoses

closed sutures after middle age

syndesmoses

type of fibrous joint in which the bones are exclusively connected by ligaments

ligaments

cords or bands of fibrous tissue connecting two bones

gomphoses

"peg in socket" fibrous joint; ex. tooth

periodontal ligament

ligament holding a tooth in its socket

cartilaginous joints

joint type in which the bones are united by cartilage; both rigid and movable examples

1. synchondroses


2. symphyses

2 types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses

type of cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage unites the bones; syntharthrotic

symphyses

type of cartilaginous joint in which fibrocartilage unites the bones; amphiarthrotic

synovial joints

joint type in which the bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity; freely movable

1. articular cartilage


2. articular capsule


3. joint cavity (articular cavity)


4. synovial fluid


5. reinforcing ligaments


6. nerves and blood vessels

6 distinguishing features of synovial joints

articular cartilage

the glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covering the ends of opposing bones

articular capsule

two-layered capsule covering the joint cavity

1. fibrous layer (external)


2. synovial membrane (internal)

2 layers of the articular capsule

joint cavity (articular cavity)

space formed by the articular capsule

synovial fluid

fluid filling the joint cavity; reduces friction between cartilages

weeping lubrication

process of cartilages under pressure releasing synovial fluid, and reabsorbing them as pressure is relieved

reinforcing ligaments

reinforce and strengthen the synovial joint

1. fatty pads


2. menisci


3. bursae


4. tendon sheaths

4 friction-reducing structures of a joint

fatty pads

extra cushioning between the layers of the articular capsule; ex. hip and knee joints

menisci

wedges of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces, improving the fit and reducing friction; ex. knee, jaw

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that lubricate synovial joints

tendon sheath

an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction; ex. wrist

1. muscle tone


2. articular surfaces


3. ligaments

3 factors influencing synovial joint stability

1. origin


2. insertion

2 attachment points for skeletal muscles

origin

muscle end attached to immovable (or less movable) bone

insertion

muscle end attached to movable bone

nonaxial movement

range of motion with no axis of movement; slipping actions only

uniaxial movement

range of motion with movement in one plane

biaxial movement

range of motion with movement in two planes

multiaxial movement

range of motion with movement in all three planes

1. gliding


2. angular


3. rotation

3 general types of movement

gliding movement

type of movement when one bone surface glides over another; nonaxial; ex. the wrist

angular movement

type of movement changing the angle between two bones; uniaxial or biaxial

1. flexion


2. extension


3. hyperextension


4. abduction


5. adduction


6. circumduction

6 types of angular movements

rotation

type of movement in which a bone turns along its own axis; ex. head, neck, lower limb

special movements

movements that do not fit the main categories; only occur at a few joints

supination

movement of turning the palm outward

pronation

movement of turning the palm inward

dorsiflexion

movement of raising the foot toward the anterior leg

plantar flexion

movement of lowering the foot away from the anterior leg

inversion

movement of the sole of the foot medially

eversion

movement of the sole of the foot laterally

protraction

movement of the jaw forward

retraction

movement of pulling the jaw back in place

elevation

movement of a body part superiorly; ex. closing the jaw

depression

movement of a body part inferiorly; ex. opening the jaw

opposition

movement of touching the thumb to the other fingers

1. plane


2. hinge


3. pivot


4. condylar


5. saddle


6. ball-and-socket

6 types of synovial joints

plane joint

nonaxial, gliding movements

hinge joint

one bone projection fits into trough of another

pivot joint

one bone projections fits into a ring

condylar joint

oval bone projection fits into oval depression

saddle joint

two bones with both convex and concave surfaces

ball-and-socket joint

spherical bone projection fits into a cup

knee joint

largest and most complex joint in the body; 3 joints in one, 2 condylar (femur and tibia)

condyloid joint

knee joint type

1. menisci


2. ligaments


3. tendons

3 factors of knee joint stability

1. patellar


2. extracapsular


3. intracapsular

3 types of knee joint ligaments

1. patellar


2. medial retinacula


3. lateral retinacula

3 types of patellar ligaments

1. fibular collateral


2. tibial collateral


3. oblique popliteal


4. arcuate popliteal

4 extracapsular ligaments (of the knee)

collateral ligaments

ligaments preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended

popliteal ligaments

ligaments that help stabilize and reinforce the posterior knee

1. anterior cruciate (ACL)


2. posterior cruciate (PCL)

2 intracapsular ligaments (of the knee)

cruciate ligaments

ligaments that help prevent displacement of the knee (forward or backward sliding)

shoulder joint

most freely moving joint of the body, sacrifices stability for mobility (more tendons, less ligaments)

1. glenoid cavity (scapula)


2. humerus head

2 main parts of the shoulder joint

ball-and-socket

shoulder joint type

rotator cuff

made up of four tendons encircling the shoulder joint

elbow joint

stable and smoothly operating hinge joint that only allows flexion and extension

1. trochlea (humerus)


2. trochlear notch (ulna)

2 main parts of the elbow joint

hinge

elbow joint type

hip joint (coxal joint)

joint with a wide range of motion; more stability, less mobility than the shoulder (more ligaments)

1. acetabulum


2. femur head

2 main parts of the hip joint

ball-and-socket

hip joint type

1. cartilage tears


2. sprains


3. dislocations

3 common joint injuries

sprain

injury in which joint ligaments are stretched or torn; poorly vascularized, heal slowly

dislocation (luxation)

injury in which bones are forced out of alignment; repeat incidences are common because the joint capsule and ligaments have been stretched

1. bursitis


2. tendonitis


3. arthritis


4. Lyme disease

4 inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa; fluid accumulates

tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

arthritis

over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints

1. osteoarthritis


2. rheumatoid arthritis


3. gouty arthritis

3 types of arthritis

osteoarthritis

chronic, degenerative arthritis; due to long term wear and tear; most common form

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic, inflammatory arthitis in which the immune system attacks the joints

ankylosis

immobility of a joint due to fused bones; symptom of rheumatoid arthritis

gout

form of arthritis in which uric acid crystalizes in the joints, causing pain and immobilization