Ch. 14 - The Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 1

the system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Hint 1

Front 2

1. preganglionic neuron

2. preganglionic axon

3. postganglionic neuron

4. postganglionic axon

Back 2

4 parts of the two-neuron chain of the ANS system

Hint 2

Front 3

preganglionic neurons

Back 3

ANS neurons located in the brain; have thin, lightly myelinated fibers

Front 4

postganglionic neurons

Back 4

ANS neurons outside the CNS; have very thin and nonmyelinated nerve fibers

Front 5

1. parasympathetic

2. sympathetic

Back 5

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Hint 5

Front 6

dual innervation

Back 6

the two ANS subdivisions counterbalance each other to keep body systems running smoothly; one division stimulates, the other inhibits

Front 7

parasympathetic division

Back 7

ANS division that promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy; "rest and digest"

Hint 7

Front 8

craniosacral

Back 8

parasympathetic fibers originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord, and are called...

Hint 8

Front 9

terminal ganglia

Back 9

parasympathetic postganglionic neuron groups located close to their target organs; location of pre- and post-ganglionic synapse

Front 10

1. oculomotor

2. facial

3. glossopharyngeal

4. vagus

Back 10

4 main parasympathetic nerves of the cranium

Hint 10

Front 11

vagus nerves (X)

Back 11

nerves accounting for about 90% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers; provide fibers to the neck and nerve plexuses

Hint 11

Front 12

1. increased digestion

2. increased salivation

3. increased lacrimation

4. slowed heart rate

5. slowed respiration

6. pupils constrict

Back 12

6 functions of the cranial parasympathetic nerves (and acetylcholine)

Front 13

1. increased digestion

2. increased defecation

3. increased urination

Back 13

3 functions of the sacral parasympathetic nerves (and acetylcholine)

Front 14

sympathetic division

Back 14

ANS division that mobilizes the body during activity; "fight or flight"

Hint 14

Front 15

thoracolumbar

Back 15

sympathetic fibers originate in spinal cord segments T1 through L2, and are called...

Hint 15

Front 16

lateral horns

Back 16

the area of spinal cord gray matter consisting of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Front 17

sympathetic chains

Back 17

ganglia running along each side of the vertebral column; where the sympathetic pre- and post-ganglionic neurons synapse

Hint 17

Front 18

white ramus communicantes

Back 18

bundles of preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers entering the sympathetic chain

Hint 18

Front 19

gray ramus communicantes

Back 19

branches of postganglionic sympathetic axons exiting the sympathetic chain and entering the ventral ramus that takes them to their effector

Hint 19

Front 20

1. decreased digestion

2. decreased salivation

3. decreased lacrimation

4. increased heart rate

5. increased respiration

6. pupils dilate

7. increased blood pressure

Back 20

7 functions of the sympathetic nervous system (and norepinephrine)

Front 21

adrenal medulla

Back 21

secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream as hormones; acts like a postganglionic neuron

Front 22

visceral sensory neurons

Back 22

unique, sensory neurons of the ANS; send information concerning chemical changes, stretch, and irritation of the viscera

Front 23

1. acetylcholine (parasympathetic)

2. norepinephrine (sympathetic)

Back 23

2 neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system

Hint 23

Front 24

acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 24

parasympathetic neurotransmitter

Hint 24

Front 25

cholinergic fibers

Back 25

fibers that release acetylcholine (ACh); all preganglionic axons, and parasympathetic postganglionic axons

Hint 25

Front 26

cholinergic receptors

Back 26

ACh-binding receptors

Hint 26

Front 27

1. nicotinic

2. muscarinic

Back 27

2 types of cholinergic receptors (ACh-binding)

Hint 27

Front 28

nicotinic receptors

Back 28

cholinergic receptors that are always stimulatory; most found at postganglionic neurons, and in the adrenal medulla

Hint 28

Front 29

muscarinic receptors

Back 29

cholinergic receptors found on all parasympathetic target organs; can be inhibitory or stimulatory

Hint 29

Front 30

norepinephrine

Back 30

sympathetic neurotransmitter

Hint 30

Front 31

adrenergic fibers

Back 31

fibers that release norepinephrine (NE); only sympathetic postganglionic axons

Hint 31

Front 32

adrenergic receptors

Back 32

norepinephrine-binding receptors

Hint 32

Front 33

1. alpha (1-2)

2. beta (1-3)

Back 33

2 major classes of adrenergic receptors

Hint 33

Front 34

alpha 1

Back 34

adrenergic receptors that increase heart rate and stimulate the kidneys

Front 35

alpha 2

Back 35

adrenergic receptors that dilate blood vessels and bronchioles

Front 36

beta 1

Back 36

adrenergic receptors that stimulate lipolysis (breakdown of lipids)

Front 37

beta 2

Back 37

adrenergic receptors that constricts blood vessels and dilates pupils

Front 38

beta 3

Back 38

adrenergic receptors that inhibit NE release and inhibit insulin secretion (in the pancreas)

Front 39

atropine

Back 39

anticholinergic (anti-parasympathetic) drug that blocks muscarinic ACh receptors; dries the mouth and respiratory system

Front 40

1. vasomotor tone

2. thermoregulation

3. metabolic effects

Back 40

3 unique roles of the sympathetic division

Front 41

vasomotor tone

Back 41

sympathetic fibers keep the blood vessels in a continual state of partial constriction

Front 42

vasoconstriction

Back 42

the blood vessels constrict so that the body retains heat; response to cold

Front 43

vasodilation

Back 43

the blood vessels dilate so that the body will cool off (sweat); response to heat

Front 44

1. metabolic rate of body cells

2. blood glucose levels

3. fat for use as fuels

Back 44

3 metabolic effects promoted by the sympathetic division

Front 45

1. cerebral cortex

2. hypothalamus

3. brain stem

4. spinal cord

Back 45

4 CNS centers that regulate ANS activity

Front 46

hypothalamus

Back 46

overall integration center of the ANS; relays information to the reticular formation (medulla oblongata)

Front 47

reticular formation

Back 47

exerts the most direct influence over ANS functions; medulla oblongata centers regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter

Front 48

cerebral cortex

Back 48

has subconscious control over ANS functions

Front 49

biofeedback

Back 49

a way of becoming aware of physiological conditions, with the goal of being able to influence them

Front 50

hypertension

Back 50

high blood pressure resulting from an overactive sympathetic nervous system (continuous levels of high stress)

Front 51

1. constipation

2. dry eyes

3. orthostatic hypotension

Back 51

3 effects of aging on the ANS

Front 52

constipation

Back 52

decreased GI tract motility due to reduced parasympathetic activity

Front 53

orthostatic hypotension

Back 53

low blood pressure following changes in position, caused by less responsive sympathetic control of blood pressure