Ch. 12 - The Central Nervous System

Front 1

central nervous system

Back 1

the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body; consists of the brain and spinal cord

Front 2

neural tube

Back 2

the embryonic structure that becomes the brain and spinal cord

Front 3

ventricles

Back 3

fluid-filled spaces within the brain; lined by ependymal cells

Hint 3

Front 4

1. lateral ventricles (x2)

2. third ventricle

3. fourth ventricle

Back 4

3 sets of brain ventricles

Hint 4

Front 5

lateral ventricles

Back 5

large C-shaped brain ventricles; chambers that reflect the pattern of cerebral growth (like a ram's horns)

Hint 5

Front 6

septum pellucidum

Back 6

thin median membrane separating the right and left lateral ventricles

Hint 6

Front 7

interventricular foramen

Back 7

channel connecting the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

Hint 7

Front 8

third ventricle

Back 8

narrow brain ventricle in the diencephalon

Hint 8

Front 9

cerebral aqueduct

Back 9

canal-like duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles, runs through the midbrain

Hint 9

Front 10

fourth ventricle

Back 10

large brain ventricle dorsal to the pons; continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

Hint 10

Front 11

apertures (2 lateral, 1 median)

Back 11

openings in the walls of the fourth ventricle connecting to the fluid-filled subarachnoid space surrounding the brain

Hint 11

Front 12

1. cerebrum

2. diencephalon

3. brain stem

4. cerebellum

Back 12

4 main brain regions

Hint 12

Front 13

cerebrum

Back 13

brain region consisting of two cerebral hemispheres; 83% of total brain mass

Hint 13

Front 14

1. frontal

2. parietal

3. temporal

4. occipital

5. insula

Back 14

5 lobes of the cerebrum

Hint 14

Front 15

insula

Back 15

cerebral lobe buried deep to the lateral sulcus

Hint 15

Front 16

fissures

Back 16

deep grooves separating large regions of the brain

Hint 16

Front 17

1. longitudinal fissure

2. transverse cerebral fissure

Back 17

2 main brain fissures

Hint 17

Front 18

longitudinal fissure

Back 18

fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres

Hint 18

Front 19

transverse fissure

Back 19

fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below

Hint 19

Front 20

sulci

Back 20

shallow grooves in brain tissue

Hint 20

Front 21

gyri

Back 21

elevated ridges of brain tissue

Hint 21

Front 22

central sulcus

Back 22

groove separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Hint 22

Front 23

1. precentral gyrus

2. postcentral gyrus

Back 23

2 ridges bordering the central sulcus

Hint 23

Front 24

parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 24

groove separating the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

Hint 24

Front 25

lateral sulcus

Back 25

deep groove separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes

Hint 25

Front 26

1. cerebral cortex

2. white matter

3. basal nuclei

Back 26

3 layers of a cerebral hemisphere (superficial to deep)

Front 27

cerebral cortex

Back 27

the "executive suite" of the nervous system; enables self-awareness, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movement; 40% of total brain mass

Hint 27

Front 28

1. motor areas (anterior)

2. sensory areas (posterior)

Back 28

2 main functional areas of the cerebral cortex

Hint 28

Front 29

motor areas

Back 29

areas of the cerebral cortex that control voluntary movement; anterior to the central sulcus

Hint 29

Front 30

1. primary motor cortex

2. premotor cortex

3. Broca's area

4. frontal eye field

Back 30

4 motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Hint 30

Front 31

primary (somatic) motor cortex

Back 31

motor area that allows for skeletal muscle control and movement

Hint 31

Front 32

premotor cortex

Back 32

motor area that helps plan and coordinate more complex movements; ex. playing the piano

Hint 32

Front 33

Broca's area

Back 33

motor area that directs the muscles involved in producing speech; located on the left temporal lobe

Hint 33

Front 34

frontal eye field

Back 34

motor area that controls voluntary eye movement; anterior to premotor area

Hint 34

Front 35

sensory areas

Back 35

areas of the cerebral cortex concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; posterior to the central sulcus

Hint 35

Front 36

1. primary somatosensory cortex

2. somatosensory association cortex

3. visual areas

4. auditory areas

5. vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

6. olfactory cortex

7. gustatory cortex

8. visceral sensory area

Back 36

8 sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Hint 36

Front 37

primary somatosensory cortex

Back 37

sensory area that receives information from sensory receptors in the body and identifies the area being stimulated

Hint 37

Front 38

somatosensory association cortex

Back 38

sensory area that integrates sensory inputs from the primary somatosensory cortex; identifies objects by size, texture, etc.

Hint 38

Front 39

primary visual cortex

Back 39

sensory area that receives visual information from the retina of the eye; located on the occipital lobe

Hint 39

Front 40

visual association area

Back 40

sensory area that communicates with the primary visual cortex and uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

Hint 40

Front 41

primary auditory cortex

Back 41

sensory area that receives and interprets sound; located on the temporal lobe

Hint 41

Front 42

auditory association area

Back 42

sensory area that perceives and recognizes sound stimuli; stores memories of sounds

Hint 42

Front 43

vestibular (equilibrium) cortex

Back 43

sensory area responsible for conscious awareness of balance; located in the insular lobe

Front 44

olfactory cortex

Back 44

sensory area that interprets smell; also associated with the limbic system (emotions); located inside the temporal lobe

Hint 44

Front 45

gustatory cortex

Back 45

sensory area that perceives taste stimuli; located deep to the temporal lobe

Hint 45

Front 46

visceral sensory area

Back 46

sensory area involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations

Hint 46

Front 47

multimodal association areas

Back 47

complexly connected areas of the cerebral cortex that give meaning to sensory information received; sensations, thoughts, emotions

Hint 47

Front 48

1. anterior association area

2. posterior association area

3. limbic association area

Back 48

3 main multimodal association areas

Front 49

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

Back 49

multimodal association area involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (cognition), recall, and personality; develops slowly

Hint 49

Front 50

posterior association area

Back 50

multimodal association area that recognizes patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings, and binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole

Front 51

Wernicke's area

Back 51

part of the posterior association area that interprets words; posterior to Broca's area, together they help understand language

Hint 51

Front 52

limbic association area

Back 52

multimodal association area that provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us; memories

Front 53

lateralization

Back 53

each brain hemisphere has abilities not completely shared by its partner; division of labor

Front 54

cerebral dominance

Back 54

when a brain hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic; the left hemisphere in 90% of people

Front 55

left hemisphere

Back 55

brain hemisphere that usually has greater control over language, math, logic, and handwriting

Front 56

right hemisphere

Back 56

brain hemisphere that usually has greater control over visual-spatial skills, artistic skills, and intuition

Front 57

cerebral white matter

Back 57

layer deep to the cerebral cortex, consisting of myelinated fibers

Hint 57

Front 58

1. association fibers

2. commissural fibers

3. projection fibers

Back 58

3 types of fibers in cerebral white matter

Hint 58

Front 59

association fibers

Back 59

cerebral white matter fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Hint 59

Front 60

commissural fibers

Back 60

cerebral white matter fibers that connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres

Hint 60

Front 61

corpus callosum

Back 61

largest commissural fiber connecting the left and right cerebral lobes

Hint 61

Front 62

projection fibers

Back 62

cerebral white matter fibers that connect to the lower brain and spinal cord

Hint 62

Front 63

internal capsules

Back 63

the bands of projection fibers at the top of each side of the brain stem

Hint 63

Front 64

corona radiata

Back 64

the fan-like arrangement of projection fibers, from the cerebral white matter to the cortex

Hint 64

Front 65

basal nuclei

Back 65

deepest cerebral region that helps control and monitor repetitive skeletal muscle movements

Hint 65

Front 66

1. caudate nucleus

2. putamen

3. globus pallidus

Back 66

3 main regions of the basal nuclei

Hint 66

Front 67

diencephalon

Back 67

brain region consisting of the thalamus, hypothalmus, and epithalamus; encloses the third ventricle

Hint 67

Front 68

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. epithalamus

Back 68

3 structures of the diencephalon

Hint 68

Front 69

thalamus

Back 69

structure of the diencephalon that serves as the gateway to the cerebral cortex; also involved in memory processing

Hint 69

Front 70

thalamic nuclei

Back 70

sort and receive sensory input from all over the body, and relay them to specific areas of the cerebral cortex; located in the thalamus

Hint 70

Front 71

hypothalamus

Back 71

structure of the diencephalon that maintains homeostasis; oversees the autonomic nervous system

Hint 71

Front 72

mammilary bodies

Back 72

hypothalamic nuclei that act as relay stations in the olfactory pathways

Hint 72

Front 73

infundibulum

Back 73

stalk of hypothalamic tissue connecting the pituitary gland to the base of the hypothalamus

Hint 73

Front 74

pituitary gland

Back 74

hypothalamic gland that secretes hormones

Hint 74

Front 75

epithalamus

Back 75

structure of the diencephalon that houses the pineal gland

Hint 75

Front 76

pineal gland

Back 76

epithalamic gland that secretes sleep-inducing hormone melatonin, which helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle

Hint 76

Front 77

brain stem

Back 77

"primitive" brain region that produces the automatic behaviors necessary for survival

Hint 77

Front 78

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla oblongata

Back 78

3 regions of the brain stem

Hint 78

Front 79

midbrain

Back 79

region of the brain stem containing visual and auditory reflex centers; cranial nerves III and IV

Hint 79

Front 80

corpora quadrigemina

Back 80

four domelike nuclei that protrude dorsally from the midbrain; visual and auditory reflexes

Hint 80

Front 81

superior colliculi

Back 81

visual reflex nuclei of the midbrain that coordinate head and eye movements

Hint 81

Front 82

inferior colliculi

Back 82

auditory relay nuclei of the midbrain that relay sounds from hearing receptors to the sensory cortex

Hint 82

Front 83

1. substantia nigra

2. red nucleus

Back 83

2 motor nuclei of the midbrain

Hint 83

Front 84

pons

Back 84

brain stem region that relays information between the motor cortex and cerebellum; also helps with breathing; cranial nerves V through VII

Hint 84

Front 85

medulla oblongata

Back 85

brain stem region that receives instructions from the hypothalamus to control ANS functions; continuous with the spinal cord; cranial nerves VIII through XII

Hint 85

Front 86

pyramids

Back 86

two longitudinal ridges on the front of the medulla oblongata; corticospinal motor tracts

Front 87

decussation

Back 87

motor tracts of the medulla cross over before descending into the spinal cord

Front 88

visceral motor nuclei

Back 88

medullary nuclei that receive instructions from the hypothalamus

Front 89

1. cardiovascular center

2. respiratory center

3. various other centers

Back 89

3 functional groups of visceral motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata

Front 90

cerebellum

Back 90

brain region that subconsciously coordinates movements; ex. balance and posture

Hint 90

Front 91

vermis

Back 91

connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebellum

Hint 91

Front 92

arbor vitae

Back 92

tree-like pattern of white matter branching through the cerebellum

Hint 92

Front 93

cerebellar peduncles

Back 93

motor tracts that connect the midbrain to the cerebellum; superior, middle, inferior

Hint 93

Front 94

limbic system

Back 94

brain system that mediates emotional response; also involved in memory processing

Hint 94

Front 95

fornix

Back 95

fiber tracts linking limbic system regions together

Hint 95

Front 96

hippocampus

Back 96

structure of the limbic system responsible for long-term memory; along with the amygdaloid body

Hint 96

Front 97

psychosomatic illnesses

Back 97

emotion-induced illnesses

Front 98

reticular formation

Back 98

brain system that keeps the cerebral cortex alert and active, and filters out repetitive stimuli; located in the brain stem

Hint 98

Front 99

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 99

records electrical activity of neurons

Front 100

brain waves

Back 100

patterns of neuronal electrical activity measured by an EEG

Hint 100

Front 101

1. alpha

2. beta

3. theta

4. delta

Back 101

4 classes of brain waves

Hint 101

Front 102

alpha waves

Back 102

regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous brain waves; awake but relaxed

Hint 102

Front 103

beta waves

Back 103

rhythmic, but less regular brain waves with a higher frequency; awake and alert

Hint 103

Front 104

theta waves

Back 104

irregular brain waves; more common in children or during concentration

Hint 104

Front 105

delta waves

Back 105

high-amplitude brain waves seen during deep sleep

Hint 105

Front 106

epileptic seizures

Back 106

seizures caused by a torrent of electrical discharges by groups of brain neurons

Front 107

petit mal (absence)

Back 107

mild seizures characterized by a blank expression and facial twitching; no loss of consciousness

Front 108

grand mal (tonic-clonic)

Back 108

severe seizures characterized by sensory hallucination, convulsions, and loss of consciousness

Front 109

consciousness

Back 109

conscious perception of sensations, voluntary movement, and higher mental processing

Front 110

1. alertness

2. drowsiness

3. sleep

4. stupor

5. coma

6. brain dead

Back 110

6 levels of consciousness

Front 111

fainting (syncope)

Back 111

a brief loss of consciousness

Front 112

coma

Back 112

significant unresponsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extended period; low oxygen use

Front 113

brain death

Back 113

a dead brain in an otherwise living body

Front 114

1. non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

2. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Back 114

2 major types of sleep

Front 115

REM sleep

Back 115

stage of sleep characterized by increased oxygen use and heart rate, inhibited skeletal muscles, dreaming; alpha waves

Front 116

NREM sleep

Back 116

restorative stage of sleep, characterized by declining vital signs, possible nightmares or sleep walking

Front 117

slow-wave sleep

Back 117

deepest, restorative stages of NREM sleep (stages 3 and 4)

Front 118

circadian rhythm

Back 118

alternating cycle of sleep and wakefulness during a 24 hour period

Front 119

narcolepsy

Back 119

a condition characterized by the tendency to fall asleep abruptly

Front 120

insomnia

Back 120

a chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed to function adequately

Front 121

sleep apnea

Back 121

a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

Front 122

1. Broca's area (speaking)

2. Wernicke's area (understanding)

Back 122

2 most important regions for language

Front 123

memory

Back 123

the storage and retrieval of information

Front 124

1. short-term memory (STM)

2. long-term memory (LTM)

Back 124

2 distinct stages of memory storage

Front 125

short-term memory (working memory)

Back 125

recent memory limited to seven or eight chunks of information; ex. phone number

Front 126

long-term memory

Back 126

memory with limitless capacity; storage and retrieval

Front 127

1. emotional state

2. rehearsal

3. association

4. automatic memory

Back 127

4 factors influencing the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory

Front 128

memory consolidation

Back 128

the process of fitting new facts (memories) into categories of knowledge already stored in the cerebral cortex

Front 129

fact memory (declarative)

Back 129

memory that entails learning explicit information; ex. names, faces, words, dates

Front 130

skill memory (nondeclarative)

Back 130

memory that entails less conscious or unconscious learning; ex. playing a piano, riding a bike

Front 131

anterograde amnesia

Back 131

the loss of the ability to create new memories

Front 132

retrograde amnesia

Back 132

the loss of memories formed in the distant past

Front 133

1. skull

2. meninges

3. cerebrospinal fluid

Back 133

3 protective features of the brain

Front 134

meninges

Back 134

connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS, contain CSF, and form partitions in the skull

Hint 134

Front 135

1. dura mater

2. arachnoid mater

3. pia mater

Back 135

3 meninges of the brain

Hint 135

Front 136

dura mater

Back 136

two-layered, strong, external meninx that attaches to the skull

Hint 136

Front 137

dural sinuses

Back 137

spaces between the two dura mater layers of the brain that collect venous blood

Hint 137

Front 138

subdural space

Back 138

fluid-filled cavity between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater of the brain

Hint 138

Front 139

dural septa

Back 139

infoldings of the dura mater that partition areas of the brain

Hint 139

Front 140

1. falx cerebri

2. falx cerebelli

3. tentorium cerebelli

Back 140

3 dural septa of the brain

Hint 140

Front 141

arachnoid mater

Back 141

the loose, middle meninx

Hint 141

Front 142

subarachnoid space

Back 142

CSF-filled space full of web-like extensions that secure the arachnoid mater to the underlying pia mater

Hint 142

Front 143

arachnoid villi

Back 143

knob-like projections of the arachnoid mater that absorb CSF out of the subarachnoid space and into the superior sagittal sinus

Hint 143

Front 144

pia mater

Back 144

delicate, inner meninx that clings to the brain; full of tiny blood vessels

Hint 144

Front 145

meningitis

Back 145

inflammation of the meninges

Front 146

encephalitis

Back 146

inflammation of the brain

Front 147

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 147

fluid that forms the liquid cushion in and around the brain

Hint 147

Front 148

choroid plexuses

Back 148

clusters of capillaries in the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid

Hint 148

Front 149

hydrocephalus

Back 149

caused by CSF accumulation that exerts pressure on the brain

Front 150

blood brain barrier

Back 150

the protective mechanism that helps maintain the brain's stable environment

Front 151

endothelial cells

Back 151

form tight junctions that make brain capillaries the least permeable in the body; part of the blood brain barrier

Front 152

concussion

Back 152

an alteration in brain function following a blow to the head

Front 153

contusion

Back 153

bruising of the brain caused by serious concussions, can cause permanent neurological damage

Front 154

stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

Back 154

occurs when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked (ischemia) and brain tissue dies

Front 155

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Back 155

a progressive generative disease of the brain ultimately resulting in dementia, memory loss, disorientation, etc.

Front 156

dementia

Back 156

mental deterioration

Front 157

Parkinson's disease

Back 157

results from a degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons; characterized by persistent tremors, forward-walking posture and shuffling gait, and a stiff facial expression

Front 158

spinal cord

Back 158

two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain; also a major reflex center

Hint 158

Front 159

epidural space

Back 159

space filled with a soft padding of fat and a network of veins, between the vertebrae and the spinal dura mater

Front 160

1. vertebral column

2. cerebrospinal fluid

3. meninges

Back 160

3 protective features of the spinal cord

Front 161

spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

Back 161

procedure to remove CSF from below the spinal cord for testing (beyond L3)

Front 162

conus medullaris

Back 162

cone-shaped end of the spinal cord

Hint 162

Front 163

filum terminale

Back 163

fibrous extension of the conus medullaris that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Hint 163

Front 164

deniculate ligaments

Back 164

saw-toothed shelves of pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebrae

Hint 164

Front 165

1. cervical enlargement

2. lumbar enlargement

Back 165

2 wide areas of the spinal cord that serve the upper and lower limbs

Hint 165

Front 166

cauda equina

Back 166

collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal; "horse's tail"

Hint 166

Front 167

1. ventral median fissure

2. dorsal median sulcus

Back 167

2 grooves dividing the spinal cord into right and left halves

Hint 167

Front 168

central canal

Back 168

spinal canal containing cerebrospinal fluid

Hint 168

Front 169

gray commissure

Back 169

gray matter encircling the central canal of the spinal cord; butterfly-shaped

Hint 169

Front 170

ventral horn

Back 170

front column of motor neurons in the spinal cord

Hint 170

Front 171

dorsal horn

Back 171

rear column of sensory neurons in the spinal cord

Hint 171

Front 172

lateral horn

Back 172

lateral columns of sympathetic nerve fibers in the spinal cord

Hint 172

Front 173

white matter

Back 173

consists of nerve fibers that allow communication between the spinal cord and itself and the brain

Front 174

1. ascending

2. descending

3. transverse

Back 174

3 neuronal pathways connecting the brain and the body

Front 175

ascending pathways

Back 175

neuronal pathways that conduct sensory impulses upward to various areas of the brain

Front 176

1. first-order (receptor to spinal cord)

2. second-order (spinal cord to medulla)

3. third-order (medulla to cortex)

Back 176

3 sensory neurons of the ascending pathway to the brain

Front 177

sense ascending pathways

Back 177

neural pathways aware of sense but not location

Front 178

location ascending pathways

Back 178

neural pathways that locate the stimulus

Front 179

parallel pathways

Back 179

neural pathways with sense and location pathways ascending together, provide complete sensory information

Front 180

spinocerebellar tracts

Back 180

neural pathways that help coordinate skeletal muscle activity; run from proprioceptors to the spinal cord to the cerebellum

Front 181

descending pathways

Back 181

neuronal pathways that deliver efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord

Front 182

1. direct (pyramidal)

2. indirect (extrapyramidal)

Back 182

2 descending neuronal pathways from the brain

Front 183

1. planning

2. projecting

3. spinal

Back 183

3 levels of motor control (descending pathways)

Front 184

paralysis

Back 184

loss of motor function caused by damage to the spinal cord

Front 185

paraplegia

Back 185

loss of leg sensory and motor functions; spinal cord cut between T1 and L1

Front 186

quadriplegia

Back 186

loss of sensory and motor functions below the head; spinal cord cut in the cervical region

Front 187

poliomyelitis

Back 187

viral disease that destroys ventral horn motor neurons; fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, then paralysis