The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 10)

Front 1

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system concerning functions?

Back 1

they are both control centers for feedback systems

Front 2

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system concerning speed of response?

Back 2

The nervous system is fast, reacting in miliseconds; the endocrine system is slow, reacting in seconds, minutes, hours, and even days

Front 3

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system concerning duration of influences?

Back 3

the nervous system's duration is breif; the endocrine system's duration is long

Front 4

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system concerning the effectors controlled?

Back 4

the nervous system controls muscles and glands; the endocrine system can control practically every cell in the body

Front 5

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system concerning the strength of the signal?

Back 5

in the nervous system, the signal (Action Potential) strength is fixed; in the endocrine system, the signal strength can vary - the effects of a hormone are relative to the amount of the hormone

Front 6

What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system concerning repair?

Back 6

in the nervous system, repair is relatively difficult; in the endocrine system it is fairly easy (since the endocrine system is composed mostly of epithelium, which is continually undergoing mitosis)

Front 7

Endocrine gland

Back 7

a gland which makes, stores, and secretes hormones

Front 8

carrier protein

Back 8

a protein to which a hormone may become connected temporarily. The carrier protein transports the hormone through the circulatory system

Front 9

target cells

Back 9

those cells which have receptors for a hormone

Front 10

What are the ten major endocrine glands?

Back 10

hypothalamus, pineal body, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroids, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (female), testes (male)

Front 11

releasing hormones

Back 11

hormones which cause a gland to secrete more hormones

Front 12

inhibiting hormones

Back 12

hormones which cause a gland to secrete fewer hormones

Front 13

the pituitary gland is really two different glands. What are they?

Back 13

the anterior and the posterior pituitary gland

Front 14

GH

Back 14

growth hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates growth in most tissues

Front 15

TSH

Back 15

Thyroid stimulating hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, increases the secretion of thyroxine in the thyroid

Front 16

ACTH

Back 16

Adrenocorticotropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, increases during times of body stress and increases cortisol

Front 17

LH

Back 17

Luteinizing hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates ovaries (female) or testes (male)

Front 18

PRL

Back 18

prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk production

Front 19

MSH

Back 19

melanocyte stimulating hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, increases the synthesis of melanin

Front 20

master endocrine gland

Back 20

the pituitary gland

Front 21

GH-RH

Back 21

Growth hormone releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce GH

Front 22

CRH

Back 22

Corticotropin releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH

Front 23

GnRH

Back 23

Gonadotropin releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH

Front 24

TSH-RH

Back 24

Thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete TSH

Front 25

PIH

Back 25

Prolactin inhibiting hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus, causes the anterior pituitary gland to produce less PRL

Front 26

ADH

Back 26

antidiuretic hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, increases the amount of water retained during kidney functions

Front 27

OT

Back 27

oxytocin, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, increases uterus contractions during birth and promotes the release of milk

Front 28

Thyroxine

Back 28

secreted by the thyroid gland, it increases the metabolism rate of most cells in the body

Front 29

Calcitonin

Back 29

secreted by the thyroid gland, it lowers osteoclast activity, causing blood calcium levels to decrease

Front 30

PTH

Back 30

parathyroid hormone, secreted by the parathyroids, stimulates osteoclast activity, thus raising blood calcium levels

Front 31

adrenal medulla

Back 31

the inside of the adrenal gland

Front 32

adrenal cortex

Back 32

the outer layer of the adrenal gland

Front 33

epinephrine

Back 33

secreted by the adrenal medulla, it increases the rseponse of the sympathetic division of the ANS

Front 34

norepinephrine

Back 34

secreted by the adrenal medulla, it increases the rseponse of the sympathetic division of the ANS

Front 35

Cortisol

Back 35

secreted by the adrenal cortex, it rises during times of stress and increases the breakdown of proteins and lipids

Front 36

aldosterone

Back 36

secreted by the adrenal cortex, it stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium

Front 37

pancreatic islets

Back 37

cells on the surface of the pancreas which secrete either inuslin or glucagon

Front 38

beta cell

Back 38

a pancreatic island which secretes insulin

Front 39

alpha cell

Back 39

a pancreatic island which secretes glucagon

Front 40

insulin

Back 40

secreted by the pancreas, it stimulates most other cells to take in glucose

Front 41

glucagon

Back 41

secreted by the pancreas, it stimulates the liver to release glucose

Front 42

diabetes mellitus

Back 42

an interruption of the endocrine function of the pancreas

Front 43

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Back 43

also called "insulin dependent diabetes mellitus", it is the result of the pancreas being unable to produce insulin.

Front 44

type 2 diabetes mellitus

Back 44

also called "non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus", it is caused by cells being unable to respond to insulin efficiently due to few or no insulin receptors

Front 45

diabetes insipidus

Back 45

the result of too little ADH

Front 46

thymosin

Back 46

secreted by the thymus gland, it is incolced with the development of the immune system

Front 47

amine

Back 47

a hormone that has been derived from an amino acid

Front 48

steroid

Back 48

a hormone that has been made from cholesterol

Front 49

protein

Back 49

can function as a hormone

Front 50

peptide

Back 50

a short chain of amino acids

Front 51

which hormones are amine hormones?

Back 51

epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, and melatonin

Front 52

which hormones are steroids?

Back 52

cortisol, aldosterone, and the hormones secreted by the testes and the ovaries

Front 53

which hormones are either proteins or peptides?

Back 53

GH-RH, CRH, GnRH, TSH-RH, PIH, GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL, MSH, ADH, OT, TH, Calcitonin, PTH, aldosterone, insulin, and glucagon

Front 54

What are the three major ways that hormone release is controlled by the body?

Back 54

By nonhormonal regulation, direct neural control, and hormonal control

Front 55

nonhormonal regulation

Back 55

a chemical other than a hormone is involved in regulating the release of a hormone

Front 56

direct neural control

Back 56

the nervous system regulates the release of a hormone by means of a neurotransmitter or neurohormone

Front 57

hormonal control

Back 57

one hormone regulates the release of another hormone

Front 58

neuroendocrinology

Back 58

the field of biology which studies how the nervous system exerts control over the endocrine glands

Front 59

Neurosecratory cells

Back 59

Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter

Front 60

Grave's disease

Back 60

also called hyperthyroidism, it is a disease in which antibodies abnormally block the hypothalamus from sensing thyroxine

Front 61

hyperthyroid goiter

Back 61

a thyroid which has been enlarged due to Grave's disease

Front 62

hypothyroidism

Back 62

the condition when TSH promotes growth of the thyroid but no thyroxine comes out

Front 63

hypothyroid goiter

Back 63

a thyroid which has been enlarged due to hypothyroidism

Front 64

Constant secretion

Back 64

a pattern of secretion where a hormone is always being secreted

Front 65

Acute secretion

Back 65

a pattern of secretion where a hormone is normally at very low levels in the body until a particular stimulus occurs, at which time the hormone will increase rapidly

Front 66

Cyclic secretion

Back 66

a pattern of secretion where a hormone is secreted on a regular, predictable cycle

Front 67

membrane-bound receptors

Back 67

receptors that are located on the plasma membrane of the target cell; they are stimulated by protein or peptide hormones

Front 68

intracellular receptors

Back 68

receptors that are located in the cell itself; in this process, the hormone actually enters the cell, travels through the cytoplasm and into the nucleus. There, the hormone binds to a receptor protein in the nucleus, and that receptor protein activates a specific gene in the DNA which gives the cell instructions to make a protein or enzymewhich will produce the desired effect

Front 69

Prostaglandins

Back 69

Biologically active lipis which produce many effects in the body, including smooth muscle contractions, inflammation, and pain

Front 70

parahormones

Back 70

another term for prostaglandins