The Human Body Vocabulary (Chapter 13)

Front 1

*Mastication

Back 1

The process of chewing

Front 2

*Digestion

Back 2

The breakdown of food molecules into their individual components

Front 3

List the organs of the alimentary canal

Back 3

mouth, phrynx, esophagus, stomch, small instetine, large intestine, and anus (tongue and teeth could also be included)

Front 4

List the accessory organs

Back 4

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder (tongue and teeth could also be included)

Front 5

Incisors

Back 5

Sharp teeth used to cut food

Front 6

Canine teeth

Back 6

teeth used to tear food

Front 7

premolars

Back 7

teeth used to crush and grind food

Front 8

molars

Back 8

teeth used to crush and grind food

Front 9

What are the five components of saliva?

Back 9

water (99%), mucus, amylase, lysozyme, and antibodies

Front 10

Amylase

Back 10

a digestive enxyme that helps to break down startch into maltose, which is a disaccharide

Front 11

List the three major salivary glands (which come in pairs) in the mouth

Back 11

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands

Front 12

Parotid salivary glands

Back 12

salivary glands which release saliva above the tongue

Front 13

Sublingual salivary glands

Back 13

salivary glands which release saliva below the tongue

Front 14

Submandibular salivary glands

Back 14

salivary glands which release saliva below the tongue

Front 15

Mumps

Back 15

A viral infection of the parotid salivary glands

Front 16

Deglutition

Back 16

The act of swallowing

Front 17

Bolus

Back 17

a soft lump of food about to be swallowed

Front 18

Explain what happens when someone swallows

Back 18

1) The soft palate rises to close off the nasal cavity. 2) The larynx rises and the epiglottis lowers to keep food from traveling down the treachea

Front 19

List the three stages of deglutition

Back 19

Voluntary oral stage, pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage

Front 20

Voluntary oral stage

Back 20

The stage in which the bolus is pushed towards the posterior part of the mouth by the tongue

Front 21

Pharyngeal stage

Back 21

The stage when the soft palate lifts up and blocks the nasal cavity, the larynx lifts up to meet the reachea, the ventricular folds form a tight seal, and the pharyngeal muscles constrict to push the bolus down.

Front 22

esophageal stage

Back 22

The stage in which peristalsis happens

Front 23

*Peristalsis

Back 23

The process of contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscles which pushes food through the alimentary canal

Front 24

Peristaltic waves

Back 24

waves of contractions of smooth muscles which is part of peristalsis

Front 25

Diaphragm

Back 25

A skeletal muscle that helps control breathing

Front 26

What are the four main regions of the stomach?

Back 26

The cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus

Front 27

Pyloric sphincter

Back 27

What governs the flow of materials from the stomach to the small intestine

Front 28

Serosa

Back 28

Also called the visceral peritoneum, it is made of a layer of connective tissue and a layer of simple squamous epithelium, and it allows the stomach to move with little friction as it churns. It is the outermost layer of the stomach

Front 29

What are the three layers of the muscularis?

Back 29

The longitudinal muscularis, the circular muscularis, and the oblique muscularis

Front 30

Submucosa and mucosa

Back 30

the layers of the stomach which are on the inside of the stomach

Front 31

Rugae

Back 31

The folds in the mucosa of the stomach

Front 32

List the layers of the stomach

Back 32

(From outside to inside): Serosa, Longitudinal muscularis, circular muscularis, oblique muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Front 33

Gastric pits

Back 33

The openings for the gastric glands which secrete gastric juice

Front 34

*Gastric juice

Back 34

The acidic secretion of the stomach

Front 35

pepsin

Back 35

an enzyme which breaks proteins down into smaller chains of amino acids called peptides

Front 36

Pepsinogen

Back 36

A chemical which, when mixed with HCl and other pepsin molecules, can be converted into pepsin

Front 37

Intrinsic factor

Back 37

A chemical which binds to vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed in the small intestine

Front 38

*Adventitia

Back 38

A thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues or organs

Front 39

Mixing waves

Back 39

The stomach produces mixing waves about every 20 seconds when the stomach is full to mix the food with gastric juices to produce chyme

Front 40

Vomiting

Back 40

Food is vomited when the lining of the alimentary canal becomes too iritated

Front 41

Gastrin

Back 41

A hormone secreted by the stomach which has several effects including to make the pyloric sphyncter contract more strongly

Front 42

What are the three main functions of the small intestine?

Back 42

Mix and propel chyme, digest the food, and absorb the nutrients

Front 43

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Back 43

(In order, from beginning to end of small intestine): duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 44

Circular folds

Back 44

Rings of mucosa in the small intestines

Front 45

Intestinal villi

Back 45

Little projections on the circular folds

Front 46

microvilli

Back 46

tiny extentions of the cell membrane of the cells on the intestinal villi

Front 47

*Lumen

Back 47

The hole in the center of a tube

Front 48

Mucous goblet cells

Back 48

They make up exocrine glands which secrete mucus which protects the tissue of the intestine from the acidic chyme as well as the digestive enzymes which break down the proteins, facts, and carbohydrates

Front 49

Duodenal glands

Back 49

Glands which secrete an alkaline mucus which neutralizes the acidity of the chyme entering the small intestine

Front 50

Intestinal glands

Back 50

Glands which secrete intestinal juice

Front 51

CCK

Back 51

Cholecystokinin, a hormone secreted by the endocrine glands of the small intestines, and which causes the gall bladder to contract

Front 52

Lacteals

Back 52

Lymph vessels which carry fatty acids back into the bloodstream by making them a part of the lymph (they are in the small intestine)

Front 53

Maltase

Back 53

An enzyme which digests maltose, breaking it up into two glucose molecules

Front 54

Sucrase

Back 54

An enzyme which digests sucrose, which is table sugar

Front 55

Lactase

Back 55

The enzyme which digests lactose, which is milk sugar

Front 56

Peptidase

Back 56

An enzyme which breaks down peptides

Front 57

Enterokinase

Back 57

An enzyme which activates trypsinogen into trypsin

Front 58

What are the five major digestive enzymes of intestinal juice?

Back 58

maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidase, and enterokinase

Front 59

Trypsin

Back 59

an enzyme which digests proteins

Front 60

What are the three parts of the large intestine?

Back 60

The cecum, the colon, and the rectum

Front 61

Ileocecal sphincter

Back 61

a sphincter which regulates the amount of chyme leaving the small intestine

Front 62

Ascending colon

Back 62

The protion of the colon in which chyme travles upwards

Front 63

Transverse colon

Back 63

The portion of the colon in which chyme travels from the right to the left side of the body

Front 64

Descending colon

Back 64

The portion of the colon in which chyme travels downwards to the rectum

Front 65

Defecation

Back 65

the process by which wastes are eliminated from the large intestines

Front 66

Mass movements

Back 66

strong, irregular peristaltic contractions which move chyme through the transverse and descending colons

Front 67

Bile

Back 67

What is produced by the liver and aids the digestion of fats

Front 68

What are the four lobes of the liver?

Back 68

The left, right, caudate, and quadrate

Front 69

Hepatic artery

Back 69

the artery which brings blood to the liver

Front 70

Hepatic portal vein

Back 70

The vein which takes blood into the liver

Front 71

What is the fuction of the hepatic portal vein?

Back 71

to bring in deoxygenated blood from the small intestine so the liver can process the nutrients in the blood.

Front 72

What is the tissue of the liver divided into? (answer is NOT lobes)

Back 72

Lobules

Front 73

Portal triad

Back 73

A portal triad is in each corner of a lobule of the liver. It has two blood vessels, one from the hepatic portal vain, and one from the hepatic artery. It also contains a bile duct

Front 74

What is the function of the bile duct in the portal triad of the liver?

Back 74

To collect bile and send it to the common hepatic duct.

Front 75

hepatocytes

Back 75

the functional cells of the liver

Front 76

Hepatic cords

Back 76

thin cords of hepatocytes

Front 77

Hepatic sinusoids

Back 77

blood vessels which separate the hepatic cords

Front 78

Bile canalicule

Back 78

Vessels which transport bile into the hepatic ducts in the portal triad

Front 79

Emulsifying

Back 79

The process by which large drops of lipids are separated into smaller drops

Front 80

What does the liver store?

Back 80

extra blood glucose, which is converted into glycogen

Front 81

What is Nutrient interconversion?

Back 81

The process by which the liver converts certain types of nutrients into other types of nutrients

Front 82

What is the synthesis function of the liver?

Back 82

the function by which the liver makes many blood coagulation factors

Front 83

What is the phagocytosis function of the liver?

Back 83

The function by which the liver takes out worn-out erythrocytes, white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris

Front 84

What does it mean that the liver detoxifies the blood?

Back 84

It removes many of the toxic substances from blood and integrates them into the bile

Front 85

Cystic duct

Back 85

The duct which carries bile into the gall bladder

Front 86

Common bile duct

Back 86

The duct which carries bile from the gall bladder into the small intestine

Front 87

Gallstones

Back 87

Mostly cholesterol, they are produced in the gall bladder and can plug up a duct

Front 88

Pancreatic duct

Back 88

The duct which secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum of the small intestine

Front 89

What six things in particular are in pancreatic juice?

Back 89

Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, procarbowypeptidase, amylase, lipase, and mucleases

Front 90

What is the function of amylase in pancreatic juice?

Back 90

It breaks down polysaccharides

Front 91

What is the function of lipase in pancreatic juice?

Back 91

It breaks down facts into fatty acids

Front 92

What is the function of nucleases in pancreatic juice?

Back 92

It accomplishes the breakdown of nucleic acids

Front 93

*Macronutrients

Back 93

The nutrients the body needs in large amounts: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Front 94

*Micronutrients

Back 94

The nutrients the body needs in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals

Front 95

Complex carbohydrates

Back 95

Large polysaccharides