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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
*Mastication
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The process of chewing
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*Digestion
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The breakdown of food molecules into their individual components
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List the organs of the alimentary canal
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mouth, phrynx, esophagus, stomch, small instetine, large intestine, and anus (tongue and teeth could also be included)
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List the accessory organs
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salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder (tongue and teeth could also be included)
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Incisors
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Sharp teeth used to cut food
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Canine teeth
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teeth used to tear food
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premolars
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teeth used to crush and grind food
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molars
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teeth used to crush and grind food
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What are the five components of saliva?
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water (99%), mucus, amylase, lysozyme, and antibodies
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Amylase
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a digestive enxyme that helps to break down startch into maltose, which is a disaccharide
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List the three major salivary glands (which come in pairs) in the mouth
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parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands
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Parotid salivary glands
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salivary glands which release saliva above the tongue
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Sublingual salivary glands
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salivary glands which release saliva below the tongue
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Submandibular salivary glands
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salivary glands which release saliva below the tongue
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Mumps
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A viral infection of the parotid salivary glands
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Deglutition
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The act of swallowing
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Bolus
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a soft lump of food about to be swallowed
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Explain what happens when someone swallows
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1) The soft palate rises to close off the nasal cavity. 2) The larynx rises and the epiglottis lowers to keep food from traveling down the treachea
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List the three stages of deglutition
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Voluntary oral stage, pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage
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Voluntary oral stage
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The stage in which the bolus is pushed towards the posterior part of the mouth by the tongue
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Pharyngeal stage
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The stage when the soft palate lifts up and blocks the nasal cavity, the larynx lifts up to meet the reachea, the ventricular folds form a tight seal, and the pharyngeal muscles constrict to push the bolus down.
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esophageal stage
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The stage in which peristalsis happens
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*Peristalsis
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The process of contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscles which pushes food through the alimentary canal
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Peristaltic waves
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waves of contractions of smooth muscles which is part of peristalsis
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Diaphragm
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A skeletal muscle that helps control breathing
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What are the four main regions of the stomach?
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The cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus
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Pyloric sphincter
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What governs the flow of materials from the stomach to the small intestine
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Serosa
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Also called the visceral peritoneum, it is made of a layer of connective tissue and a layer of simple squamous epithelium, and it allows the stomach to move with little friction as it churns. It is the outermost layer of the stomach
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What are the three layers of the muscularis?
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The longitudinal muscularis, the circular muscularis, and the oblique muscularis
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Submucosa and mucosa
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the layers of the stomach which are on the inside of the stomach
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Rugae
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The folds in the mucosa of the stomach
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List the layers of the stomach
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(From outside to inside): Serosa, Longitudinal muscularis, circular muscularis, oblique muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
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Gastric pits
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The openings for the gastric glands which secrete gastric juice
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*Gastric juice
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The acidic secretion of the stomach
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pepsin
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an enzyme which breaks proteins down into smaller chains of amino acids called peptides
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Pepsinogen
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A chemical which, when mixed with HCl and other pepsin molecules, can be converted into pepsin
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Intrinsic factor
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A chemical which binds to vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed in the small intestine
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*Adventitia
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A thin layer of loose connective tissue that binds an organ to surrounding tissues or organs
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Mixing waves
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The stomach produces mixing waves about every 20 seconds when the stomach is full to mix the food with gastric juices to produce chyme
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Vomiting
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Food is vomited when the lining of the alimentary canal becomes too iritated
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Gastrin
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A hormone secreted by the stomach which has several effects including to make the pyloric sphyncter contract more strongly
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What are the three main functions of the small intestine?
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Mix and propel chyme, digest the food, and absorb the nutrients
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What are the three sections of the small intestine?
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(In order, from beginning to end of small intestine): duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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Circular folds
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Rings of mucosa in the small intestines
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Intestinal villi
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Little projections on the circular folds
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microvilli
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tiny extentions of the cell membrane of the cells on the intestinal villi
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*Lumen
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The hole in the center of a tube
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Mucous goblet cells
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They make up exocrine glands which secrete mucus which protects the tissue of the intestine from the acidic chyme as well as the digestive enzymes which break down the proteins, facts, and carbohydrates
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Duodenal glands
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Glands which secrete an alkaline mucus which neutralizes the acidity of the chyme entering the small intestine
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Intestinal glands
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Glands which secrete intestinal juice
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CCK
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Cholecystokinin, a hormone secreted by the endocrine glands of the small intestines, and which causes the gall bladder to contract
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Lacteals
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Lymph vessels which carry fatty acids back into the bloodstream by making them a part of the lymph (they are in the small intestine)
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Maltase
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An enzyme which digests maltose, breaking it up into two glucose molecules
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Sucrase
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An enzyme which digests sucrose, which is table sugar
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Lactase
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The enzyme which digests lactose, which is milk sugar
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Peptidase
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An enzyme which breaks down peptides
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Enterokinase
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An enzyme which activates trypsinogen into trypsin
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What are the five major digestive enzymes of intestinal juice?
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maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidase, and enterokinase
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Trypsin
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an enzyme which digests proteins
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What are the three parts of the large intestine?
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The cecum, the colon, and the rectum
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Ileocecal sphincter
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a sphincter which regulates the amount of chyme leaving the small intestine
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Ascending colon
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The protion of the colon in which chyme travles upwards
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Transverse colon
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The portion of the colon in which chyme travels from the right to the left side of the body
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Descending colon
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The portion of the colon in which chyme travels downwards to the rectum
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Defecation
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the process by which wastes are eliminated from the large intestines
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Mass movements
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strong, irregular peristaltic contractions which move chyme through the transverse and descending colons
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Bile
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What is produced by the liver and aids the digestion of fats
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What are the four lobes of the liver?
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The left, right, caudate, and quadrate
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Hepatic artery
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the artery which brings blood to the liver
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Hepatic portal vein
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The vein which takes blood into the liver
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What is the fuction of the hepatic portal vein?
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to bring in deoxygenated blood from the small intestine so the liver can process the nutrients in the blood.
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What is the tissue of the liver divided into? (answer is NOT lobes)
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Lobules
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Portal triad
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A portal triad is in each corner of a lobule of the liver. It has two blood vessels, one from the hepatic portal vain, and one from the hepatic artery. It also contains a bile duct
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What is the function of the bile duct in the portal triad of the liver?
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To collect bile and send it to the common hepatic duct.
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hepatocytes
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the functional cells of the liver
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Hepatic cords
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thin cords of hepatocytes
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Hepatic sinusoids
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blood vessels which separate the hepatic cords
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Bile canalicule
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Vessels which transport bile into the hepatic ducts in the portal triad
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Emulsifying
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The process by which large drops of lipids are separated into smaller drops
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What does the liver store?
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extra blood glucose, which is converted into glycogen
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What is Nutrient interconversion?
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The process by which the liver converts certain types of nutrients into other types of nutrients
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What is the synthesis function of the liver?
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the function by which the liver makes many blood coagulation factors
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What is the phagocytosis function of the liver?
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The function by which the liver takes out worn-out erythrocytes, white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris
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What does it mean that the liver detoxifies the blood?
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It removes many of the toxic substances from blood and integrates them into the bile
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Cystic duct
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The duct which carries bile into the gall bladder
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Common bile duct
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The duct which carries bile from the gall bladder into the small intestine
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Gallstones
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Mostly cholesterol, they are produced in the gall bladder and can plug up a duct
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Pancreatic duct
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The duct which secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum of the small intestine
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What six things in particular are in pancreatic juice?
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Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, procarbowypeptidase, amylase, lipase, and mucleases
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What is the function of amylase in pancreatic juice?
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It breaks down polysaccharides
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What is the function of lipase in pancreatic juice?
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It breaks down facts into fatty acids
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What is the function of nucleases in pancreatic juice?
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It accomplishes the breakdown of nucleic acids
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*Macronutrients
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The nutrients the body needs in large amounts: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
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*Micronutrients
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The nutrients the body needs in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals
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Complex carbohydrates
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Large polysaccharides
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