Medical Definitions Chap.14

Front 1

Adenoids

Back 1

Mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

Front 2

Antibody

Back 2

Specific protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens, immunoglobulins released in the presence of bacteria viruses and antigens, antibodies are specific to antigens and inactivate them

Front 3

Antigen

Back 3

Substances the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response. Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells

Front 4

Adaptive immunity

Back 4

The ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and Mount an attack on them. Humoral B cells and cell meditated immunity t cells are examples

Front 5

Axillary nodes

Back 5

Lymph nodes in the armpit (upper arm)

Front 6

B cell (B lymphocyte)

Back 6

Lymphocytes that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies. The B refers to the bone marrow which is where B cells most often originate

Front 7

Cell-meditated immunity

Back 7

T cells (cytotoxic, helper, suppressor) respond to antigens and Destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity

Front 8

Cervical nodes

Back 8

Lymph nodes in the neck region

Front 9

Complement system

Back 9

Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target

Front 10

Cytokines

Back 10

Protein secreted by cytotoxic T-cells to Aid in antigen destruction. Examples are interferons and interleukins

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Cytotoxic T-cell

Back 11

A lymphocyte that are directly destroys antigens, called a CD8+ t cell

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Dendrite cell

Back 12

Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells where to attack

Front 13

Helper T cell

Back 13

Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T-cells; CD4 + T cell

Front 14

Humoral immunity

Back 14

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity

Front 15

Immunity

Back 15

The body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs. This includes a natural immunity and adaptive immunity

Front 16

Immunoglobulins

Back 16

Protein with antibody activity, g a m e d, produced by plasma cells mature b cells in the presence of antigens

Front 17

Immunotherapy

Back 17

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease

Front 18

Inguinal nodes

Back 18

Lymph nodes in the groin region

Front 19

Interferons

Back 19

Proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to Aid and regulate the immune response

Front 20

Interleukins

Back 20

Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B & T lymphocytes

Front 21

Interstitial fluid

Back 21

Fluid in the spaces between cells. This fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

Front 22

Lymph

Back 22

Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

Front 23

Lymph capillaries

Back 23

The tiniest lymphatic vessels

Front 24

Lymphoid organs

Back 24

Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland. Tonsils and adenoids are examples of lymphoid organs

Front 25

Lymph node

Back 25

Collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection

Front 26

Lymph vessel

Back 26

Carrier of lymph throughout the body; lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest

Front 27

Macrophage

Back 27

Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body. Phag/o means to eat or swallow

Front 28

Mediastinal nodes

Back 28

Lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity

Front 29

Mesenteric nodes

Back 29

Lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)

Front 30

Monoclonal antibody

Back 30

Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy

Front 31

Natural immunity

Back 31

Protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. It is not antigen-specific and does not elicit memory

Front 32

Paraaortic nodes

Back 32

Lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body

Front 33

Plasma cell

Back 33

Lymphocytes that secrete antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes

Front 34

Right lymphatic duct

Back 34

Lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck

Front 35

Spleen

Back 35

Organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood

Front 36

Suppressor T cell

Back 36

Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells. Also called a treg (regulatory T-cell)

Front 37

T Cell (t lymphocyte)

Back 37

Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

Front 38

Tolerance

Back 38

Ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as self or friendly. Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body's own cells

Front 39

Thoracic duct

Back 39

Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest). It empties lymph into large veins in the neck

Front 40

Thymus gland

Back 40

Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

Front 41

Tonsils

Back 41

Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

Front 42

Toxin

Back 42

Poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

Front 43

Vaccination

Back 43

Exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection.

Front 44

Vaccine

Back 44

Weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies. This results in adaptive immunity

Front 45

Immun/o

Back 45

Protection

Front 46

Lymph/o

Back 46

Lymph

Front 47

Lymphaden/o

Back 47

Lymph node (gland)

Front 48

Splen/o

Back 48

Spleen

Front 49

Thym/o

Back 49

Thymus gland

Front 50

Tox/o

Back 50

Poison

Front 51

Ana-

Back 51

Again, anew

Front 52

Inter-

Back 52

Between

Front 53

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Back 53

Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurological problems

Front 54

Candidiasis

Back 54

Yeast-like fungus (candida), normally present in the mouth, skin, interstitial track, and vagina, overgrows, causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin

Front 55

Cryptococcal infection (crypto)

Back 55

Yeast-like fungus (cryptococcus) causes lung, brain, and blood infections. Pathogen is found in Pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil

Front 56

Cryptosporidiosis

Back 56

Parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. The pathogen, cryptosporidium, is one celled organism commonly found in farm animals

Front 57

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

Back 57

Virus causes enteritis and retinitis (inflammation of the retina at the back of the eye). Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breastmilk, but usually causes disease only when the immune system is compromised

Front 58

Herpes simplex

Back 58

Viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. Herpes simplex virus also can cause encephalitis

Front 59

Histoplasmosis (histo)

Back 59

Fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with histoplasma capsulatum; causes fever, chills, and lung infection. Pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings

Front 60

Mycobacterium avium intercellular (Mai) complex infection

Back 60

Bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and Lung and blood infections

Front 61

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Back 61

One-celled organism causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. Pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals. Infection is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (bactrim), a combination of several antibiotics, or pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled, can prevent ocurrence of PCP

Front 62

Toxoplasmosis (toxo)

Back 62

Parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis (slight paralysis in the half of the body), and seizures. Pathogen (Toxoplasma) is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products, or raw eggs or vegetables

Front 63

Tuberculosis TV

Back 63

Bacterial disease (caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis) involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum

Front 64

Allergy

Back 64

Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen, allergic (all/o = other)

Front 65

Lymphoma

Back 65

Malignant tumour of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

Front 66

Multiple myeloma

Back 66

Malignant tumour of bone marrow cells

Front 67

Thymoma

Back 67

Tumour of the thymus gland

Front 68

CD4 + cell count

Back 68

Measures of the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS

Front 69

ELISA

Back 69

Screening test to detect anti-hiv antibodies in the bloodstream

Front 70

Immunoelectrophoresis

Back 70

Test that separates immunoglobulins (g a m e d)

Front 71

Viral load test

Back 71

Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream

Front 72

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Back 72

X-ray Imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures

Front 73

Autoimmune disease

Back 73

Examples are rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These are chronic, disabling diseases caused by the abnormal production of antibodies against normal body tissues. Signs and symptoms are inflammation of joints, skin rash, and fever. Glucocorticoid drugs (prednisone) and other immunosuppressants (Azathioprine, Methotrexate) are effective in treatment but make patients susceptible to infection

Front 74

Immunosuppression

Back 74

This may occur because of exposure to drugs (corticosteroids) or as a result of disease (AIDS and cancer). Immunosuppressed patients are susceptible to infection with fungi, pneumocystis bacteria, and pathogens.

Front 75

Lymphedema

Back 75

Interstitial fluid collects within the spaces between cells as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Radiation therapy May destroy lymphatics and produced lymphedema, as in breast cancer treatment

Front 76

Asplenia

Back 76

The condition may be congenital or result from surgical removal

Front 77

Hypersplenism

Back 77

Syndrome marked by splenomegaly and often associated with blood cell destruction, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Front 78

Anaphylaxis

Back 78

The suffix -phylaxis means protection, this is an unusual hypersensitivity to previously encountered form proteins or other antigens. Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure can be life-threatening

Front 79

Interstitial fluid

Back 79

The suffix -stitial means pertaining to standing or positioned

Front 80

Kaposi sarcoma

Back 80

A cancer arising from the lining of cells of capillaries that produce dark purplish skin nodules and lymphoma cancer of lymph nodes

Front 81

Wasting syndrome

Back 81

Marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity, Also may occur with AIDS

Front 82

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 82

Malignant tumour of the lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes

Front 83

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Back 83

A disorder of malignant b-cells