Medical Definitions Chap.7

Front 1

Arteriole

Back 1

Small artery

Front 2

Calciferol

Back 2

Active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney

Front 3

Calyx or calix (calyces or calices plural)

Back 3

Cup like collecting region of the renal pelvis.

Front 4

Catheter

Back 4

Tube for injecting or removing fluids. A bladder catheter drains urine from the bladder

Front 5

Cortex

Back 5

Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

Front 6

Creatinine

Back 6

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidney in removing creatinine from the blood

Front 7

Electrolyte

Back 7

Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in water in the blood; potassium and sodium are electrolytes

Front 8

Erythropoietin

Back 8

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells. Poietin means substance that forms

It stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow and thus increases the amount of oxygen delivered to muscles

Front 9

Filtration

Back 9

Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter

Front 10

Glomerular capsule

Back 10

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus, the glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus

Front 11

Glomerulus (glomeruli: plural)

Back 11

Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

Front 12

Hilum

Back 12

Depression in the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

Front 13

Kidney

Back 13

One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region. It filters out nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine

Front 14

Meatus

Back 14

opening or canal

Front 15

Medulla

Back 15

Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney

Front 16

Nephron

Back 16

Functional unit of the kidney. It is the combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney

Front 17

Nitrogenous waste

Back 17

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine. such as urea, uric acid, creatinine

Front 18

Potassium (K+)

Back 18

Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses

Front 19

Re-absorption

Back 19

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

Front 20

Renal artery

Back 20

Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

Front 21

Renal pelvis

Back 21

Central collecting region in the kidney

Front 22

Renal tubule

Back 22

Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

Front 23

Renal vein

Back 23

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart

Front 24

Renin

Back 24

Enzyme secreted by the kidney. It raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction ( narrowing of blood vessels )

Front 25

Sodium (Na+)

Back 25

Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. It is needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions

Front 26

Trigone

Back 26

Triangular area in the urinary bladder

Front 27

Urea

Back 27

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

Front 28

Ureter

Back 28

One of the two tubes leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Front 29

Urethra

Back 29

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Front 30

Uric acid

Back 30

Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

Front 31

Urinary bladder

Back 31

Hollow, muscular Sac that holds and stores urine

Front 32

Urination (voiding)

Back 32

Process of expelling urine; also called micturition

Front 33

Cali/o Calic/o

Back 33

Calyx (calix); cup shaped

Front 34

Cyst/o

Back 34

Urinary bladder

Front 35

Glomerul/o

Back 35

Glomerulus

Front 36

Meat/o

Back 36

Meatus

Front 37

Nephr/o

Back 37

Kidney

Front 38

Pyel/o

Back 38

Renal Pelvis

Front 39

Ren/o

Back 39

Kidney

Front 40

Trigon/o

Back 40

Trigone (region of the ladder)

Front 41

Ureter/o

Back 41

Ureter

Front 42

Urethr/o

Back 42

Urethra

Front 43

Vesic/o

Back 43

Urinary Bladder

Front 44

Albumin/o

Back 44

Albumin (a protein in the blood)

Front 45

Azot/o

Back 45

Nitrogen

Front 46

Bacteri/o

Back 46

Bacteria

Front 47

Dips/o

Back 47

Thirst

Front 48

Kal/i

Back 48

Postassium

Front 49

Ket/o Keton/o

Back 49

Ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

Front 50

Lith/o

Back 50

Stone

Front 51

Natr/o

Back 51

Sodium

Front 52

Noct/o

Back 52

Night

Front 53

Olig/o

Back 53

Scanty

Front 54

Py/o

Back 54

Pus

Front 55

Ur/o

Back 55

Urine (Urea)

Front 56

-poietin

Back 56

Substance that forms

Front 57

-tripsy

Back 57

Crushing

Front 58

-uria

Back 58

Urination; urine condition

Front 59

Glomerulonephritis

Back 59

Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

Front 60

Interstitial nephritis

Back 60

Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.

(Interstitial cells; cells found in addition to parenchyma cells in an organ)

(Parenchyma; essential, main functional cells of an organ)

Front 61

Nephrolithiasis

Back 61

Kidney stones (renal calculi)

Front 62

Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

Back 62

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.

Two signs;

Edema ( swelling caused by fluid in tissue spaces )

Hypoalbuminemia (low levels if albumin in the blood)

Front 63

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Back 63

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.

Front 64

Pyelonephritis

Back 64

Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

(Parenchyma; an organs essential and distinctive tissue)

Front 65

Renal cell carcinoma

Back 65

Cancerous tumour of the kidney in adulthood

Front 66

Renal failure

Back 66

Decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

Can be acute or chronic (ARF, CRF)

CRF classifies severity by the level or creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ranging from stage 1 to 5

Front 67

Renal hypertension

Back 67

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease.

Front 68

Wilms tumor

Back 68

Malignant tumour of the kidney occurring in childhood

Front 69

Bladder cancer

Back 69

Malignant tumour of the urinary bladder

Front 70

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 70

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is resistance of the kidney to ADH

Front 71

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 71

Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

Front 72

BUN ( blood urea nitrogen )

Back 72

Measurement of the urea levels in blood

Front 73

Creatinine clearance

Back 73

Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

Creatinine clearance is a useful indicator of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is 90 to 120 mL/min

Front 74

CT urography

Back 74

X-ray images obtained using computed tomography (CT) show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

Front 75

KUB ( kidneys, ureters, and bladder )

Back 75

X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Front 76

Renal angiography

Back 76

X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney

Front 77

Retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Back 77

X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder

Front 78

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Back 78

X-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

Front 79

Ultrasonography

Back 79

Imaging of the urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves

Front 80

Radioisotope scan

Back 80

Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) in the bloodstream

Shows size and shape (renal scan)

Shows functioning (renogram)

Front 81

MRI urography

Back 81

Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

Front 82

Cystoscopy

Back 82

Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

Front 83

Dialysis

Back 83

Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood.

Hemodialysis; artificial kidney machine

Peritoneal Dialysis; uses a catheter.

Front 84

Lithotripsy

Back 84

Urinary tract stones are crushed; extracorporeal method uses shock waves from outside the body.

Front 85

Renal angioplasty

Back 85

Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

Front 86

Renal biopsy

Back 86

Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

Front 87

Renal transplantation

Back 87

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

Front 88

Urinary catheterization

Back 88

Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder