Medical Definitions Chap.5

Front 1

Absorption

Back 1

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

Front 2

Amino acids

Back 2

Small building blocks of proteins, release when proteins are digested

Front 3

Amylase

Back 3

Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amy/o)

Front 4

Anus

Back 4

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

Front 5

Appendix

Back 5

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant) it literally means hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, which is a form of -ad)

Front 6

Bile

Back 6

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall (Latin bilis, meaning gall or anger) probably because it has a bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments (colour materials), cholesterol, and bile salts.

Front 7

Bilirubin

Back 7

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

Front 8

Bowel

Back 8

Intestine.

Front 9

Canine teeth

Back 9

Pointed, dog like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to the incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

Front 10

Cecum

Back 10

First part of the large intestine.

Front 11

Colon

Back 11

Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.

Front 12

Common bile duct

Back 12

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the Choledochus.

Front 13

Defecation

Back 13

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

Front 14

Deglutition

Back 14

Swallowing

Front 15

Dentin

Back 15

Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and protective layer of cementum in the root.

Front 16

Digestion

Back 16

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

Front 17

Duodenum

Back 17

First part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10; the duodenum measures 12 inches Long.

Front 18

Elimination

Back 18

Removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces.

Front 19

Emulsification

Back 19

Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

Front 20

Enamel

Back 20

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

Front 21

Enzyme

Back 21

Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase.

Front 22

Esophagus

Back 22

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing.

Front 23

Fatty acids

Back 23

Substances produced when fats are digested.

Front 24

Feces

Back 24

Solid Wastes; stool. The term fecal means pertaining to feces.

Front 25

Gallbladder

Back 25

Small Sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 26

Glucose

Back 26

Simple sugar.

Front 27

Glycogen

Back 27

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

Front 28

Hydrochloric acid

Back 28

Substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach; aids digestion.

Front 29

Ilium

Back 29

Third part of the small intestine from the Greek Elios, meaning Twisted. When the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction.

Front 30

Incisor

Back 30

Any one of the four front teeth in the Dental Arc.

Front 31

Insulin

Back 31

Hormone produced by the Endocrine cells of the pancreas. It helps transport sugar into body cells.

Front 32

Jejunum

Back 32

Second part of the small intestine. The Latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death.

Front 33

Lipase

Back 33

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Front 34

Liver

Back 34

Large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores Sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out red blood cells; and filters out toxins. The normal adult liver weighs about 2 and 1/2 to 3 lb

Front 35

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Back 35

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called the cardiac sphincter.

Front 36

Mastication

Back 36

Chewing.

Front 37

Molar teeth

Back 37

Three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the Dental Arc. Premolar teeth are two teeth, before the molars.

Front 38

Palate

Back 38

Roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper Jawbone (maxilla) the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part beneath the mouth and the throat.

Front 39

Pancreas

Back 39

Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)

Front 40

Papillae

Back 40

Small projections on the tongue. Taste buds (taste receptor cells) are located within the papillae

Front 41

Parotid gland

Back 41

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. Note the literal meaning of parotid (par- = near; ot/o = ear)

Front 42

Peristalsis

Back 42

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. In the gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stomach, 0.5 to 2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours.

Front 43

Pharynx

Back 43

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.

Front 44

Portal vein

Back 44

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

Front 45

Protease

Back 45

Enzyme that digests protein.

Front 46

Pulp

Back 46

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

Front 47

Pyloric sphincter

Back 47

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodendum. From the Greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

Front 48

Pylorus

Back 48

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.

Front 49

Rectum

Back 49

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.

Front 50

Rugae

Back 50

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

Front 51

Saliva

Back 51

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which Begins the digestion of starch to sugar.

Front 52

Salivary glands

Back 52

Parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands

Front 53

Sigmoid colon

Back 53

Lower, s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.

Front 54

Sphincter

Back 54

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

Front 55

Stomach

Back 55

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section).

Front 56

Triglycerides

Back 56

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Triglycerides (fats) are a subgroup of lipids. Another type of lipid is cholesterol

Front 57

Uvula

Back 57

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. The Latin uva means bunch of grapes.

Front 58

Villi (singular: villus)

Back 58

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Front 59

An/o

Back 59

Anus

Front 60

Append/o

Back 60

Appendix

Front 61

Appendic/o

Back 61

Appendix

Front 62

Bucc/o

Back 62

Cheek

Front 63

Cec/o

Back 63

Cecum

Front 64

Celi/o

Back 64

Belly, abdomen

Front 65

Cheil/o

Back 65

Lip

Front 66

Cholecyst/o

Back 66

Gallbladder

Front 67

Choledoch/o

Back 67

Common bile duct

Front 68

Col/o

Back 68

Colon

Front 69

Colon/o

Back 69

Colon

Front 70

Dent/i

Back 70

Tooth

Front 71

Duoden/o

Back 71

Duodenum

Front 72

Enter/o

Back 72

Intestines, usually small intestine

Front 73

Esophag/o

Back 73

Esophagus

Front 74

Faci/o

Back 74

Face

Front 75

Gastr/o

Back 75

Stomach

Front 76

Gingiv/o

Back 76

Gums

Front 77

Gloss/o

Back 77

Tongue

Front 78

Hepat/o

Back 78

Liver

Front 79

Ile/o

Back 79

Ileum

Front 80

Jejun/o

Back 80

Jejunum

Front 81

Labi/o

Back 81

Lip

Front 82

Lapar/o

Back 82

Abdomen

Front 83

Lingu/o

Back 83

Tongue

Front 84

Mandibul/o

Back 84

Lower jaw, mandible

Front 85

Odont/o

Back 85

Tooth

Front 86

Or/o

Back 86

Mouth

Front 87

Palat/o

Back 87

Palate

Front 88

Pancreat/o

Back 88

Pancreas

Front 89

Peritone/o

Back 89

Peritoneum

Front 90

Pharyng/o

Back 90

Throat

Front 91

Proct/o

Back 91

Anus and rectum

Front 92

Pylor/o

Back 92

Pyloric sphincter

Front 93

Rect/o

Back 93

Rectum

Front 94

Sialaden/o

Back 94

Salivary gland

Front 95

Sigmoid/o

Back 95

Sigmoid colon

Front 96

Uvul/o

Back 96

Uvula

Front 97

Amyl/o

Back 97

Starch

Front 98

Bil/i

Back 98

Gall, bile

Front 99

Bilirubin/o

Back 99

Bilirubin (bile pigment)

Front 100

Chol/e

Back 100

Gall, bile

Front 101

Chlorhydr/o

Back 101

Hydrochloric acid

Front 102

Gluc/o

Back 102

Sugar

Front 103

Glyc/o

Back 103

Sugar

Front 104

Glycogen/o

Back 104

Glycogen, animal starch

Front 105

Lip/o

Back 105

Fat, lipid

Front 106

Lith/o

Back 106

Stone

Front 107

Prote/o

Back 107

Protein

Front 108

Py/o

Back 108

Pus

Front 109

Sial/o

Back 109

Saliva, salivary

Front 110

Steat/o

Back 110

Fat

Front 111

-ase

Back 111

Enzyme

Front 112

-chezia

Back 112

Defecation, elimination of wastes

Front 113

-iasis

Back 113

Abnormal condition

Front 114

-prandial

Back 114

Meal

Front 115

Anorexia

Back 115

Loss of appetite

Front 116

Ascites

Back 116

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Front 117

Borborygmi

Back 117

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

Front 118

Constipation

Back 118

Difficulty in passing stools

Front 119

Diarrhea

Back 119

Frequent passage of loose, watery stools

Front 120

Dysphagia

Back 120

Difficulty in swallowing

Front 121

Eructation

Back 121

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching, burping)

Front 122

Flatus

Back 122

Gas expelled through the anus

Front 123

Hematochezia

Back 123

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

Front 124

Jaundice

Back 124

Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

Front 125

Melena

Back 125

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

Front 126

Nausea

Back 126

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

Front 127

Steatorrhea

Back 127

Fat in the feces

Front 128

Herpetic stomatitis

Back 128

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus

Front 129

Oral leukoplakia

Back 129

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

Front 130

Periodontal disease

Back 130

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

Front 131

Achalasia

Back 131

Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Front 132

Esophageal cancer

Back 132

Malignant tumour of the esophagus

Front 133

Esophageal varices

Back 133

Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Front 134

Gastric cancer

Back 134

Malignant tumour of the stomach

Front 135

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 135

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach. Heartburn.

Front 136

Hernia

Back 136

Protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

Front 137

Peptic ulcer

Back 137

Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Front 138

Anal fistula

Back 138

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Front 139

Colonic polyps

Back 139

Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

Front 140

Colorectal cancer

Back 140

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

Front 141

Crohn's disease

Back 141

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

Front 142

Diverticulosis

Back 142

Abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon

Front 143

Dysentry

Back 143

Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

Front 144

Hemorrhoids

Back 144

Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

Front 145

Ileus

Back 145

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Front 146

Inflammatory bowel disease

Back 146

Inflammation of the colon and small intestine

Front 147

Intussusception

Back 147

Telescoping of the intestines

Front 148

Irritable bowel syndrome

Back 148

Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) without structural abnormalities in the intestines

Front 149

Ulcerative colitis

Back 149

Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

Front 150

Volvulus

Back 150

Twisting of the intestine on itself

Front 151

Cholelithiasis

Back 151

Gallstones in the gallbladder

Front 152

Cirrhosis

Back 152

Chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Front 153

hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 153

Liver cancer

Front 154

Pancreatic cancer

Back 154

Malignant tumour of the pancreas

Front 155

Pancreatitis

Back 155

Inflammation of the pancreas

Front 156

Viral hepatitis

Back 156

Inflammation of liver caused by virus, hepatitis A Hepatitis B and hepatitis C

Front 157

Pathway of food through the gastrointestinal tract

Back 157

Salivary glands secrete saliva to the oral cavity, to the pharynx, to the esophagus, to the stomach, the liver secretes bile to the gallbladder, to the duodenum, the pancreas secretes enzymes to the duodenum, to the jejunum, to the ileum to the cecum, to the ascending colon, to the transverse colon, to the ascending colon, to the sigmoid colon, to the rectum, to the anus.