Medical Definitions Chap.18

Front 1

Adrenal cortex

Back 1

Outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland semicon secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

Front 2

Adrenal medulla

Back 2

Inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland the semicolon secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 3

Ovaries

Back 3

Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion

Front 4

Pancreas

Back 4

Located behind the stomach. Islet (Alpha and beta) cells (islets of langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas. The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to Aid digestion

Front 5

Parathyroid glands

Back 5

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Some people may have three or five parathyroid glands

Front 6

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Back 6

Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) it weighs only 1/16 of an ounce and is a half inch across

Front 7

Testes

Back 7

Two glands and close in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

Front 8

Thyroid gland

Back 8

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

Front 9

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Back 9

Secreted by the Adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure, and dilates airways (sympathomimetic). It is part of the body's flight or fight reaction

Front 10

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 10

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called adrenocorticotropin. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex

Front 11

Aldosterone

Back 11

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption

Front 12

Androgen

Back 12

Male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example

Front 13

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 13

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of Water by the kidney

Front 14

Calcitonin

Back 14

Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels

Front 15

Cortisol

Back 15

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect

Front 16

Estradiol

Back 16

Estrogen female hormone secreted by the ovaries

Front 17

Estrogen

Back 17

Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. Examples are estradiol and estrone

Front 18

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 18

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes

Front 19

Glucagon

Back 19

Secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose

Front 20

Growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

Back 20

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of Bones and soft tissues

Front 21

Insulin

Back 21

Secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen

Front 22

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 22

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

Front 23

Norepinephrine

Back 23

Secreted by the Adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic). Nor- in chemistry means a parent compound from which another is derived. Also called noradrenaline

Front 24

Oxytocin (OT)

Back 24

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth

Front 25

Parathormone (PTH)

Back 25

Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium

Front 26

Progesterone

Back 26

Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Front 27

Prolactin (PRL)

Back 27

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion

Front 28

Somatotropin

Back 28

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of; growth hormone

Front 29

Testosterone

Back 29

Male hormone secreted by the testes

Front 30

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

Back 30

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning

Front 31

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 31

Secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells

Front 32

Thyroxine (T4)

Back 32

Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tertaiodothyronine T4 increases metabolism in cells

Front 33

Vasopressin

Back 33

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Vasopressin increases water re-absorption and raises blood pressure

Front 34

Catecholamines

Back 34

Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the Adrenal medulla. Epinephrine is a Catecholamines

Front 35

Corticosteroids

Back 35

Hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises the salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones)

Front 36

Electrolyte

Back 36

Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes

Front 37

Glucocorticoid

Back 37

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response

Front 38

Homeostasis

Back 38

Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

Front 39

Hormone

Back 39

Chemical, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland

Front 40

Hypothalamus

Back 40

Region of the brain laying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland

Front 41

Mineralocorticoid

Back 41

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example

Front 42

Receptor

Back 42

Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

Front 43

Sella turcica

Back 43

Cavity at the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland

Front 44

Sex hormones

Back 44

Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics

Front 45

Steroid

Back 45

Complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made. Examples of steroids are estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. Ster/o means solid; -ol means oil

Front 46

Sympathomimetic

Back 46

Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates Airways

Front 47

Target tissue

Back 47

Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Front 48

Aden/o

Back 48

Gland

Front 49

Adrenal/o

Back 49

Adrenal gland

Front 50

Gonad/o

Back 50

Sex glands (ovaries and testes)

Front 51

Pancreat/o

Back 51

Pancreas

Front 52

Parathyroid/o

Back 52

Parathyroid gland

Front 53

Pituitar/o

Back 53

Pituitary gland; hypophysis

Front 54

Thyr/o thyroid/o

Back 54

Thyroid gland

Front 55

Andr/o

Back 55

Male

Front 56

Calc/o calci/o

Back 56

Calcium

Front 57

Cortic/o

Back 57

Cortex, outer region

Front 58

Crin/o

Back 58

Secrete

Front 59

Dips/o

Back 59

Thirst

Front 60

Estr/o

Back 60

Female

Front 61

Gluc/o glyc/o

Back 61

Sugar

Front 62

Home/o

Back 62

Sameness

Front 63

Kal/i

Back 63

Potassium

Front 64

Lact/o

Back 64

Milk

Front 65

Myx/o

Back 65

Mucus

Front 66

Natr/o

Back 66

Sodium

Front 67

Phys/o

Back 67

Growing

Front 68

Somat/o

Back 68

Body

Front 69

Ster/o

Back 69

Solid structure

Front 70

Toc/o

Back 70

Childbirth

Front 71

Toxic/o

Back 71

Poison

Front 72

Ur/o

Back 72

Urine

Front 73

-agon

Back 73

Assemble, gather together

Front 74

-emia

Back 74

Blood condition

Front 75

-in -ine

Back 75

Substance

Front 76

-tropin

Back 76

Stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)

Front 77

-uria

Back 77

Urine condition

Front 78

-eu

Back 78

Good, normal

Front 79

Hyper-

Back 79

Excessive; above

Front 80

Hypo-

Back 80

Deficient; below; under; less than normal

Front 81

Oxy-

Back 81

Rapid, sharp, acid

Front 82

Pan-

Back 82

All

Front 83

Poly-

Back 83

Many or increased

Front 84

Tetra-

Back 84

Four

Front 85

Tri-

Back 85

Three

Front 86

Hyperthyroidism

Back 86

Overactivity of the thyroid gland to; thyrotoxicosis, most common form is Graves disease resulting from autoimmune processes. In addition exophthalmos protrusion of the eyeballs or proptosis occurs

Front 87

Hypothyroidism

Back 87

Under activity of the thyroid gland, (myxedema is Advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood), (in cretinism, extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth)

Front 88

Thyroid carcinoma

Back 88

Cancer of the thyroid gland

Front 89

Hyperparathyroidism

Back 89

Excessive production of parathormone

Front 90

Hypoparathyroidism

Back 90

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone, this leads to muscle and nerve weakness with spasms of muscles and condition called tetany (constant muscle contraction)

Front 91

Adrenal virilism

Back 91

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens, adrenal hyperplasia or more commonly adrenal adenoma or carcinomas can cause a virilization in adult women. Signs and symptoms include amenorrhea, hirsutism excessive hair on the face and body, acne, and deepening of The Voice.

Front 92

Crushing syndrome

Back 92

Group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Front 93

Addison disease

Back 93

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex

Front 94

Pheochromocytoma

Back 94

Benign tumour of the Adrenal medulla

Front 95

Hyperinsulinism

Back 95

Excess secretion of insulin caused by hypoglycemia

Front 96

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Back 96

Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Type 2 diabetes is a separate disease from type 1 patients are often older by Canby adolescents, and usually with a family history of type 2 diabetes obesity is very common. The primary complication of type 1 is hyperglycemia hyperglycemia can lead to ketoacidosis fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body, hypoglycemia occurs when too much insulin is taken. Insulin shock is severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin

Front 97

Acromegaly

Back 97

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities

Front 98

Gigantism

Back 98

Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues

Front 99

Dwarfism

Back 99

Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism

Front 100

Panhypopituitarism

Back 100

Deficiency of all pituitary hormones

Front 101

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

Back 101

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Front 102

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Back 102

Insufficient secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), insipidus means tasteless, as opposed to mellitus meaning sweat or like honey

Front 103

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

Back 103

Also known as fasting blood sugar test

Front 104

Serum and urine tests

Back 104

Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function

Front 105

Thyroid function tests

Back 105

Measurement of T3, T4 and TSH in the bloodstream

Front 106

Exophthalmometry

Back 106

Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer

Front 107

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Back 107

X-ray Imaging of endocrine glands in cross-section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor

Front 108

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 108

Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities

Front 109

Ultrasound examination

Back 109

Sound waves show images of endocrine organs

Front 110

Gonadotropin

Back 110

Here -tropin means to act on. Gonadotropins act on (stimulate) gonads. Examples of gonadotropins are FSH and LH, secreted by the pituitary gland

Front 111

Hypogonadism

Back 111

Deficiency of gonadotropins can produce hypogonadism

Front 112

Hypopituitarism

Back 112

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by hypopituitarism

Front 113

Thyrotropic hormone

Back 113

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a thyrotropic hormone secreted by the pituitary gland

Front 114

Thyroiditis

Back 114

May result from bacterial or viral infection, or an autoimmune reaction. Symptoms are throat pain, swelling, tenderness, and signs of hyperthyroidism. The condition May progress to destruction of the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism. In Hashimoto disease, or autoimmune thyroiditis, antibodies trigger lymphocytes to destroy follicular cells in the thyroid gland, producing hypothyroidism

Front 115

Androgen

Back 115

Androgens are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal cortex in males and females

Front 116

Polydipsia

Back 116

Poly- means many or increased. Uncontrolled diabetes (mellitus or insipidus) causes increased thirst

Front 117

Glucagon

Back 117

In this term, -agon means to assemble or gather together. Glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating its release from glycogen into the bloodstream

Front 118

Glycemic

Back 118

A patient with diabetes mellitus requires a glycemic control

Front 119

Glycogen

Back 119

Glycogen is animal starch that can be converted to glucose by the liver. Glycogon promotes glycogenolysis

Front 120

Hypokalemia

Back 120

This condition can occur in dehydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. The heart is particularly sensitive to potassium loss

Front 121

Myxedema

Back 121

Mucus like material accumulates under the skin

Front 122

Hyponatremia

Back 122

Occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body

Front 123

Hypophysectomy

Back 123

The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, which is so named because it grows from the undersurface of the brain

Front 124

Somatotropins

Back 124

Growth hormone

Front 125

Steroid

Back 125

This complex, solid, ring-shaped molecule resembles a sterol (such as cholesterol); many hormones (androgens, estrogen, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) are steroids

Front 126

Thyrotoxicosis

Back 126

Condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and over secretion of thyroid hormone. Signs and symptoms are sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness

Front 127

Antidiuretic hormone

Back 127

Posterior pituitary hormone that affects the kidneys and reduces water loss

Front 128

Hyperkalemia

Back 128

Seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major Burns

Front 129

Hyperinsulinism

Back 129

Deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas

Front 130

Polyuria

Back 130

This is a sign of uncontrolled diabetes (mellitus and insipidus)

Front 131

Tetraiodothyronine

Back 131

Iod/o means iodine