Medical Definitions Chap.15

Front 1

Acetabulum

Back 1

Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint

Front 2

Acromion

Back 2

Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle

Front 3

Bone

Back 3

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Examples are long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (Petulla)

Front 4

Bone depression

Back 4

Opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or as passageways for blood vessels and nerves. Examples are fissure, foraman, fossa, and sinus

Front 5

Bone process

Back 5

Enlarged area that extends from Bones, covered in articular cartilage and serves as the attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Examples are bonehead, condyle, epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle and tuberosity

Front 6

Calcium

Back 6

One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in Bones

Front 7

Cancellous bone

Back 7

Spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone

Front 8

Cartilage

Back 8

Flexible, connective tissue; found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces (articular cartilage)

Front 9

Collagen

Back 9

Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin

Front 10

Compact bone

Back 10

Hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of Bones

Front 11

Cranial bones

Back 11

Skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid and temporal

Front 12

Diaphysis

Back 12

Shaft, or mid portion, of a long bone

Front 13

Disc

Back 13

Flat, round, plate light structure. An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure found between two vertebrae

Front 14

Epiphyseal plate

Back 14

Cartilaginous area at the end of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton

Front 15

Epiphysis

Back 15

Each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate

Front 16

Facial bones

Back 16

Bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, Vomer, and zygomatic

Front 17

Fontanelle

Back 17

Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant

Front 18

Foramen magnum

Back 18

Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

Front 19

Haversian canals

Back 19

Minute space filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone

Front 20

Ligament

Back 20

Fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones. Ligaments are bands, sheets, or strands located in and around joints

Front 21

Malleolus

Back 21

Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibula

Front 22

Manubrium

Back 22

Upper portion of the sternum; joins with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint

Front 23

Mastoid process

Back 23

Rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

Front 24

Metaphysis

Back 24

Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate (in this term meta- means between)

Front 25

Olecranon

Back 25

Large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow

Front 26

Orthopedist

Back 26

Medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions

Front 27

Osseous tissue

Back 27

Bone tissue

Front 28

Ossification

Back 28

Process of bone formation

Front 29

Osteoblast

Back 29

Bone cell that helps form bony tissue

Front 30

Osteoclast

Back 30

Bone cell that absorbs or removes unwanted bony tissue

Front 31

Periosteum

Back 31

Membrane surrounding bone; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

Front 32

Phosphorus

Back 32

Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

Front 33

Phyciatrist

Back 33

Medical doctor specializing in Rehabilitation (physi/o means function)

Front 34

Pubic symphysis

Back 34

Junction of the two pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis. They are joined by a fibrocartilaginous disc

Front 35

Red bone marrow

Back 35

Soft spongy (cancellous) tissue found in the interior of flat bones, such as the hip and breastbone; site of hematopoiesis

Front 36

Ribs

Back 36

12 pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall. True ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are the pairs 8 to 10; floating ribs are the pairs 11 and 12

Front 37

Sella turcica

Back 37

Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

Front 38

Sinus

Back 38

Hallow air cavity within a bone

Front 39

Styloid process

Back 39

Pole like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

Front 40

Suture

Back 40

Immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium)

Front 41

Temporomandibular joint

Back 41

Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw

Front 42

Tendon

Back 42

Fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

Front 43

Trabeculae

Back 43

Supporting latticework of bony fibres in cancellous (spongy) bone

Front 44

Vertebra

Back 44

Individual segments of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral Arc, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal and spinal cord

Front 45

Xiphoid process

Back 45

Lower, narrow portion of the sternum

Front 46

Yellow bone marrow

Back 46

Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

Front 47

Articular cartilage

Back 47

Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of Bones where they come together at a joint

Front 48

Articulation

Back 48

Any type of joint

Front 49

Bursa bursae

Back 49

Sac or fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

Front 50

Meniscus

Back 50

Crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint

Front 51

Synovial cavity

Back 51

Space between bones of the synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

Front 52

Synovial fluid

Back 52

Viscous (sticky) fluid found within the synovial cavity. Synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to an egg white

Front 53

Synovial joint

Back 53

A freely movable joint

Front 54

Synovial membrane

Back 54

Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid

Front 55

Abduction

Back 55

Movement away from the midline of the body

Front 56

Adduction

Back 56

Movement toward the midline of the body

Front 57

Dorsiflexion

Back 57

Upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

Front 58

Extension

Back 58

Straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Front 59

Fascia

Back 59

Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

Front 60

Flexion

Back 60

Bending of a limb; decreasing the angle between bones

Front 61

Insertion of a muscle

Back 61

Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton

Front 62

Origin of a muscle

Back 62

Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usually proximal on the skeleton

Front 63

Plantar flexion

Back 63

Downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

Front 64

Pronation

Back 64

Turning the Palm downward

Front 65

Rotation

Back 65

Circular movement around a Central Point. Internal rotation is toward the centre of the body. External rotation is away from the centre of the body

Front 66

Striated muscle

Back 66

Muscle connected to Bone; voluntary or skeletal muscle

Front 67

Supination

Back 67

Turning the Palm upward

Front 68

Visceral muscle

Back 68

Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle

Front 69

Calc/o calci/o

Back 69

Calcium

Front 70

Kyph/o

Back 70

Humpback, hunchback, posterior curvature in the thoracic region

Front 71

Lamin/o

Back 71

Lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

Front 72

Lord/o

Back 72

Curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)

Front 73

Lumb/o

Back 73

Loins, lower back

Front 74

Myel/o

Back 74

Bone marrow

Front 75

Orth/o

Back 75

Straight

Front 76

Oste/o

Back 76

Bone

Front 77

Scoli/o

Back 77

Crooked, bent (lateral curvature)

Front 78

Spondyl/o Vertebr/o

Back 78

Vertebra

Front 79

Acetabul/o

Back 79

Acetabulum (hip socket)

Front 80

Calcane/o

Back 80

Calcaneus (heel)

Front 81

Carp/o

Back 81

Carpals (wrist bones)

Front 82

Clavicul/o

Back 82

Clavicle (collarbone)

Front 83

Cost/o

Back 83

Ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)

Front 84

Crani/o

Back 84

Cranium (skull)

Front 85

Femur/o

Back 85

Femur (thigh bone)

Front 86

Fibul/o

Back 86

Fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

Front 87

Humer/o

Back 87

Humerus (upper arm bone)

Front 88

Ili/o

Back 88

Ileum (upper part of pelvic bone)

Front 89

Ischi/o

Back 89

Ischium (posterior part of the pelvic bone)

Front 90

Malleol/o

Back 90

Malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)

Front 91

Maxill/o

Back 91

Maxilla (upper jaw bone)

Front 92

Mandibul/o

Back 92

Mandible (lower jaw bone)

Front 93

Metacarp/o

Back 93

Metacarpals (hand bones)

Front 94

Metatars/o

Back 94

Metatarsal (foot bones)

Front 95

Olecran/o

Back 95

Olecranon (elbow)

Front 96

Patell/o

Back 96

Patella (kneecap)

Front 97

Pelv/o

Back 97

Pelvis

Front 98

Phalang/o

Back 98

Phalanges (finger and or toe bones)

Front 99

Pub/o

Back 99

Pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

Front 100

Radi/o

Back 100

Radius (forearm bone thumb side)

Front 101

Scapul/o

Back 101

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Front 102

Stern/o

Back 102

Sternum (breastbone)

Front 103

Tars/o

Back 103

Tarsals (bones of the mid and hindfoot)

Front 104

Tibi/o

Back 104

Tibia (shin bone)

Front 105

Uin/o

Back 105

Ulna (forearm bone little finger side)

Front 106

Ankyl/o

Back 106

Stiff

Front 107

Arthr/o articul/o

Back 107

Joint

Front 108

Burs/o

Back 108

Bursa

Front 109

Chondr/o

Back 109

Cartilage

Front 110

Ligament/o

Back 110

Ligament

Front 111

Rheumat/o

Back 111

Watery flow

Front 112

Synov/o

Back 112

Synovial membrane

Front 113

Ten/o tendin/o

Back 113

Tendon

Front 114

Fasci/o

Back 114

Fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)

Front 115

Fibr/o

Back 115

Fibrous connective tissue

Front 116

Leiomy/o

Back 116

Smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

Front 117

My/o Myos/o

Back 117

Muscle

Front 118

Myocardi/o

Back 118

Heart muscle

Front 119

Plant/o

Back 119

Sole of the foot

Front 120

Rhabdomy/o

Back 120

Skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones

Front 121

Sarc/o

Back 121

Muscle and flesh

Front 122

-blast

Back 122

Embryonic or immature cell

Front 123

-clast

Back 123

To break

Front 124

-listhesis

Back 124

Slipping

Front 125

-malacia

Back 125

Softening

Front 126

-physis

Back 126

To grow

Front 127

-porosis

Back 127

Pore, passage

Front 128

-tome

Back 128

Instrument to cut

Front 129

-desis

Back 129

To bind, tie together

Front 130

-stenosis

Back 130

Narrowing

Front 131

-asthenia

Back 131

Like of strength

Front 132

-trophy

Back 132

Development, nourishment

Front 133

Ab-

Back 133

Away from

Front 134

Ad-

Back 134

Toward

Front 135

Dorsi-

Back 135

Back

Front 136

Poly-

Back 136

Many, much

Front 137

Ewing sarcoma

Back 137

Rare malignant tumour arising in bone; most often occurring in children

Front 138

Exostosis

Back 138

Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone

Front 139

Fracture

Back 139

Traumatic breaking of a bone

Front 140

Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

Back 140

Malignant tumour arising from osteoblast, found primarily in Children and adolescents

Front 141

Osteomalacia

Back 141

Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone

Front 142

Osteomyelitis

Back 142

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

Front 143

Osteoporosis

Back 143

Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone

Front 144

Talipes

Back 144

Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)

Front 145

Arthritis

Back 145

Inflammation of any joint

Front 146

Ankylosing spondylitis

Back 146

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine

Front 147

Gouty arthritis (gout)

Back 147

Inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals

Front 148

Osteoarthritis (OA)

Back 148

Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces

Front 149

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 149

Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue. Particularly the synovial membrane

Front 150

Bunion

Back 150

Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)

Front 151

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Back 151

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist

Front 152

Dislocation

Back 152

Displacement of a bone from its joint

Front 153

Ganglion cyst

Back 153

Fluid-filled Sac arising from joint capsules or tendons

Front 154

Herniation of an intervertebral disc

Back 154

Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves

Front 155

Lyme disease (lyme arthritis)

Back 155

Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, malagia and malaise; causes a bacterium carried by a tick

Front 156

Sprain

Back 156

Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint

Front 157

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Back 157

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidney's, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs

Front 158

Muscular dystrophy

Back 158

Group of inherited diseases characterized by Progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres without involvement of the nervous system

Front 159

Polymyositis

Back 159

Chronic inflammatory myopathy

Front 160

Antinuclear antibody test

Back 160

Detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases

Front 161

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Back 161

Measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

Front 162

Rheumatoid Factor test (RF)

Back 162

Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Front 163

Serum calcium (CA)

Back 163

Measurement of calcium level in serum

Front 164

Serum creatine kinase (CK)

Back 164

Measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum

Front 165

Uric acid test

Back 165

Measurement of uric acid in serum

Front 166

Arthrocentesis

Back 166

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

Front 167

Anthrography

Back 167

Taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint

Front 168

Arthroplasty

Back 168

Surgical repair or replacement of a joint

Front 169

Arthroscopy

Back 169

Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor

Front 170

Bone density test (bone densitometry)

Back 170

Low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

Front 171

Bone scan

Back 171

Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

Front 172

Computed tomography (CT)

Back 172

X-ray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues

Front 173

Discography

Back 173

X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disc)

Front 174

Electromyography (EMG)

Back 174

Recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue

Front 175

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 175

Strong magnetic field and Advanced Computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissues inside the body

Front 176

Muscle biopsy

Back 176

Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalities or disease

Front 177

Kyphosis

Back 177

This term indicates a hump on the back. The effective person's height is reduced, and ketosis may lead to pressure on the spinal cord or peripheral nerves

Front 178

Laminectomy

Back 178

an operation often performed to relieve the symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or spinal nerve Roots. It involves the removal of the lamina and spinous process

Front 179

Lordosis

Back 179

The normal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine becomes exaggerated the word lordosis is derived from Greek

Front 180

Osteitis

Back 180

osteitis deformans is better known as Paget's disease. Bones become weak and painful, especially in the spine, skull, pelvis, and legs

Front 181

Osteogenesis

Back 181

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder involving defective bone development. Bones are brittle and fragile caused by abnormal collagen production; fractures occur with the slightest trauma

Front 182

Scoliosis

Back 182

The spinal column is bent abnormally to the side. Scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity in adolescent girls

Front 183

Spondylosis

Back 183

Degeneration of the intervertebral discs and vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and Lumbar regions. Signs and symptoms include pain and restriction of movement

Front 184

Vertebroplasty

Back 184

Percutaneous vertebroplasty relieves pain caused by compression fractures of the vertebrae. Medical cement is used to fill in the cracks and strengthen the bone

Front 185

Osteoblast

Back 185

This cell synthesizes collagen to form bone tissue

Front 186

Osteoclast

Back 186

This cell breaks down bone to remove bone tissue

Front 187

Spondylolisthesis

Back 187

The forward slipping subluxation of a vertebra over a lower vertebra

Front 188

Osteomalacia

Back 188

A condition in which vitamin D deficientcy leads to decalcification of Bones known as rickets in children

Front 189

Osteoporosis

Back 189

Loss of bony tissue with decreased mass of bone

Front 190

Osteotome

Back 190

The surgical chisel is designed to cut bone

Front 191

Calcaneal

Back 191

the calcaneus is one of the tarsal hindfoot bones

Front 192

Chondrocostal

Back 192

Cartilage that is attached to the ribs

Front 193

Malleolar

Back 193

The medial malleolus is at the distal end of the tibia and the lateral malleolus is at the distal end of the fibula

Front 194

Arthroplasty

Back 194

Replacement arthroplasty is replacement of one or both bone Ends by a prosthesis artificial part of metal or plastic

Front 195

Hydrarthrosis

Back 195

Synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint

Front 196

Bursitis

Back 196

causes of this particular condition may be related to stress placed on the bursa or to diseases such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. The Bursa becomes inflamed and movement is limited and painful. And traversal injection of corticosteroids and also rest and splinting of the limb are helpful in treatment

Front 197

Achondroplasia

Back 197

This is an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and Bone formation. Dwarfism results, characterized by short Limbs and a normal size head and trunk

Front 198

Chondromalacia

Back 198

Chondromalacia patellae is a softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface of the kneecap, resulting in pain, a grating sensation, and mechanical catching behind the Petulla with joint movement

Front 199

Rheumatologist

Back 199

Various forms of arthritis are marked by a collection of fluid in joint spaces

Front 200

Arthrodesis

Back 200

Bones are fused across the joint space by surgery (artificial ankylosis) this operation is performed when a joint is very painful, unstable, or chronically infected

Front 201

Spinal stenosis

Back 201

Narrowing of the neural (spinal) canal in the lumbar spine. Symptoms (pain, paresthesias, urinary retention, bowel incontinence) come from compression of the cauda equina (nerves that spread out from the lower end of the spinal cord at like a horse's tail)

Front 202

Fasciotomy

Back 202

Fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure on muscles

Front 203

Fibromyalgia

Back 203

Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. Fatigue is a common complaint. Cause is not completely understood, and treatment includes physical therapy, stress relief methods, and medication such as cymbalta (duloxetine) and lyrica (pregabalin)

Front 204

Rhabdomyolysis

Back 204

Breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle

Front 205

Sarcopenia

Back 205

Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging. Exercise and strength training can help preserve and enhance muscle mass

Front 206

Myasthenia gravis

Back 206

Muscles lose strength because of a failure and transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell

Front 207

Atrophy

Back 207

Decrease in size of an organ or tissue

Front 208

Hypertrophy

Back 208

Increase in size of an organ or tissue

Front 209

Amyotrophic

Back 209

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Lou Gehrig's Disease, muscles deteriorate paralysis occurs as a result of degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region the brain

Front 210

Polymyalgia

Back 210

Polymyalgia rheumatica is an autoimmune disorder marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for longer than one month

Front 211

Striated muscle

Back 211

Makes up the voluntary or skeletal muscles that move all bones as well as controlling facial expression and eye movements

Front 212

Smooth muscle

Back 212

Makes up the involuntary or visceral muscles that contract to move internal organs such as the digestive tract, the walls of blood vessels, and secretory ducts leading from glands