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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the primary mechanisms of evolution? |
Genetic Drift and natural selection |
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What does evolution lead to? |
Changes w/in a species overtime, development of new species |
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What is evolution? |
genetic change in a population over time |
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What is phenotype? |
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with its environment |
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What two factors create the phenotype? |
Genotype and the environment |
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Can you find out the genotype or environment from the phenotype? |
No, its like a cake, once its made you can't take it apart |
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What are the fundamentals of heredity? |
DNA is the genetic material in most organisms. Genetic material contains the info needed to produce the machinery of life chromosomes are composed of DNA and accessory molecules |
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What are the two forms of chromosomes and to what organism do they belong to? |
Linear strands (nuclear chromosomes) belong to humans Circular strands (bacterial, mitochondrial, and chloroplast chromosomes) |
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What is the function of chromosomes? |
package the DNA to control function. ensure proper duplication during cell division |
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what is a chromosome? |
a string like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes A strand of DNA that contains multiple genes as well as non-coding DNA |
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How is genetic info used to create phenotype? |
Gene -> amino acid sequence -> protein -> phenotype |
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What is a gene? |
discrete segment of DNA that contains the information needed to produce a particular protein (Gene A -> protein A) |
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What is an allele? |
an alternate form of a gene. DNA sequence is different May produce a slightly different form of the protein |
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How are genes and alleles different? |
If a gene is the main character, alleles are the adjectives. Gene - eyes allele- green color |
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How many copies do Body (somatic) cells have of each chromosome? |
2. |
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What is a homologous chromosome? |
the maternal and paternal chromosomes have the same gene in the same loci, but possibly different alleles |
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define analogy |
similarity of structures that have different origins. i.e. moths, birds having wings |
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what is mitosis? |
cell division that results in two daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus each chromosome acts independently |
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What is meiosis? |
cell division that creates four nonidentical daughter cells from the mother cell. Only half the chromosome # of the mother cell each homologous pair acts independantly |
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What is haploid? |
A cell that only contains a single set of chromosomes. In humans this would be 23 (half of the total 46) |
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Examples of haploid cells? |
sperm and egg cells |
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What is diploid? |
a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. A somatic cell is diploid |
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What is a gamete? |
A mature haploid male or female cell that is ready to pair with another of the opposite sex to form a zygote |
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What is a zygote? |
cell formed by the fertilization of two gametes. Combination of DNA in each gamete. |
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What is a mutation? |
A random change in DNA sequence. It is the fuel for evolution. |
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What is somatic mutation |
may affect individual, generally can't be passed on to offspring |
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What is gametic mutation? |
evolutionarily important. gamete mother cell -> meiosis -> mutation + gametes w/ mutation |
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What is the fate of mutations? |
usually lost immediately or w/ in a few generations. |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state? Allele frequencies will not change overtime if |
no mutation no migration no selection pop. size is very large mating is random |
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What is the order of the circle graph thing for the hardy weinberg equilibrium? |
Parent populations V Selection migration V -> parents V mutation, population size, selection V -> gametes V Random mating V -> offspring population |
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what is the outcome of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
The genetic variation of a population will remain constant overtime in the absence of disturbing factors |
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What is the HW genotype expectations? |
1= p^2 + 2pq + q^2 |
