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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology
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study of how organisms interact with environment
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abiotic
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non-living
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biotic
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living
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biotic interactions
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interactions between organisms
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abiotic interactions
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between organisms and non-living environment
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climate
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prevailing long term weather conditions
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weather
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short term weather conditions
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_____ is what you expect, _____ is what you get.
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CLIMATE is what you expect, WEATHER is what you get.
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Hadley Cell
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hot air rising, cool air sinking around equator
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cause of seasonality
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23 degree tilt of the earth's axis
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seasonality
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periodic climate changes
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behavior
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any action or motion in response to a stimulus
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FAPs
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Fixed Action Patterns
highly stereotyped behavior run to completion, no variation, species specific |
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imprinting
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response to first exposure to a stimulus
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conditioning
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multiple exposures (training)
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communication
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signal from one individual to another
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signal
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behavior that contains information
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four methods of communication
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visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile
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deception within communication
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mimicry, lures for prey (anglerfish, fireflies), camouflage
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orientation
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non-random change of direction or position
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taxis
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orientation relative to a stimulus
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piloting
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use of visual references (landmarks) to navigate
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compass navigation
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use of stars, sun, magnetic field to navigate
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bi-coordinate navigation
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use of landmarks and stars, sun, magnetic field to navigate (piloting + compass)
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altruism
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reducing the fitness of acting individual to increase the fitness of another
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Hamilton's rule
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altruism increases with degree of relatedness
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reciprocal altruism
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amongst unrelated individuals, expectation of future benefits
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population
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group of the same species that live in the same area and use the same resources
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density
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number per unit area of volume
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dispersion
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distribution within an area
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three types of dispersion
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clumped, regular/uniform, random
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reproduction strategies
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semelparity and iteroparity
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semelparity
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breed once and die
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iteroparity
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breed multiple times
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season reproductional
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breed during specific seasons
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continuous reproduction
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breed throughout the year
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four factors affecting population size and structure
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birth, death, immigration, emigration
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fecundity
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average number of offspring produced
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discrete growth rate
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populations with seasonal breeding
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instantaneous growth rate
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populations with continuous breeding
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r species (3 factors)
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rapid growth
good dispersal short life span |
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K species (2 factors)
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slow growth
long life span |
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Type I survivorship curve
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physiological
young survivorship high, old survivorship low |
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Type II survivorship curve
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ecological
survivorship constant through life |
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Type III survivorship curve
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maturational
young survivorship low, old survivorship high |
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five species interactions
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antagonistic
competition amensalism mutualism commensalism |
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antagonistic
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+, -
increases fitness of one individual, decreases fitness of another |
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competition
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-, -
both individuals have a decrease of fitness |
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mutualism
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+, +
both individuals benefit |
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commensalism
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0, +
one individual benefits, one is unaffected |
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amensalism
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0, -
one individual has a decrease of fitness, one individual is unaffected |
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example of an antagonistic interaction
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predator eats prey
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example of a mutualism interaction
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bee and flower
bee pollinates flower flower gives bee food |
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example of a commensalism interaction
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suckerfish and shark
suckerfish eats the shark's leftovers shark is unaffected |
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example of an amensalism
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penicillin mold and bacteria
bacteria is killed by penicillin penicillin unaffected |
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niche
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sum total of resources used by a species, range of conditions it can tolerate
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competitive exclusion principle
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G.F. Gause hypothesized two species with the same niche cannot exist
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fundamental niche
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total possible use of an environment by a species
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realized niche
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actual observed use of the environment by species
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three types of consumption
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herbivory
parasitism predation |
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consumption
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one species consumes all or part of another
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herbivory
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grazing organisms consume plant tissue
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parasitism
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parasite consumes relatively small amounts of tissue from a plant or animal
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predation
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predator kills and consumes all or most of prey
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constitutive defense
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defense is always presented
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inducible defense
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defense is produced in response to predators
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Batesian mimicry
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species without defenses resemble those with defenses
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Mullerian mimicry
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species with similar defenses resemble each other
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symmetric competition
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each species experiences the same decrease in fitness
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asymmetric competition
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one species has a greater fitness decrease than the other
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top down control
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predators control prey abundance
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bottom up control
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prey controls predator abundance
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indirect interaction
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two species that do not directly interact exert influence on each other
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trophic cascade
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chain reaction in food web
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keystone species
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species with effects on communities that are disproportionate to their biomass
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species richness
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total number of species
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species diversity
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weighted measure that includes both species and abundance
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productivity hypothesis
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high productivity supports more species
contradicted by experimental studies |
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area hypothesis
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large areas support more species
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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frequent and rare disturbances allow for few species
intermediate disturbances allow for higher number of species |
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two factors of stability
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resistance
resilience |
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resistance
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measure of how much disturbance affects a community
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resilience
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measure of how quickly a community recovers from a disturbance
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Clement's view on communities
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communities are super organisms and species work together cooperatively
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Gleason's view on communities
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communities are a collection of individual species with unique physiological tolerances
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succesion
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recovery of a community after disturbance
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primary succession
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all species, propagule, and soil are removed
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secondary succession
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some or all species removed but soil/propagules left intact
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early successional community
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pioneer species
high dispersal fast growing short lived |
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late successional community
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long lived
slow growing superior competitors |
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climax community
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stable, persistant community
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three species interactions during succession
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facilitation
inhabitation tolerance |
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facilitation
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one species makes conditions more tolerable for another
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inhibition
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one species prevents another from establishing itself
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tolerance
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existing species do not influence the arrival of new species
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true island
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chunks of terrestrial habitat surrounded by water (actual islands)
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virtual island
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fragments of habitat surrounded by inhospitable habitat
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species area relationship
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the larger an area, the more diverse
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species area relationship equation
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log(S) = zlog(A) + log(c)
S = species A = area z = slope c = y-intercept |
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typical z-value in islands
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0.2 - 0.35
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typical z-value in terrestrial habitat
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0.12 - 0.17
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Equilibrium theory
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increasing island size decreases extinction rate
increasing isolation decreases colonization rate |
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Smaller island size means __(fewer/more)__ species.
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Smaller island size means FEWER species.
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ecosystem
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all species and abiotic components within an area
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four basic components of an ecosystem
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abiotic environment, producers, consumers, decomposers
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Matter _____ _____ the ecosystem.
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Matter CYCLES IN the ecosystem.
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Energy _____ _____ the ecosystem.
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Energy FLOWS THROUGH the ecosystem.
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autotroph
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self feeders, able to produce their own food
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heterotrophs
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cannot produce their own food
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decomposers
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consume non-living organic material
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consumers
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eat other organisms
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primary producer
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lowest rung in the food chain
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apex predator
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predator with no predators preying on them (top dog on the food chain)
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food chain
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one possible path of energy flow in an ecosystem
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food web
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all possible paths of energy flow in an ecosystem
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production efficiency
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% of assimilated material that becomes new biomass
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production efficiency equation
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(NPP/biomass assimilated) x 100
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trophic transfer efficiency
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overall energy transfer from one trophic level to the next (around 10%)
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eltonian pyramids
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graphic representation of trophic transfer efficiency
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regulating factors of productivity in a terrestrial environment (2 factors)
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temperature
water |
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regulating factors of productivity in an aquatic environment (2 factors)
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light
nutrients |
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four factors needed for photosynthesis
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temperature
water light nutrients |
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three biogeochemical cycles
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nutrient cycle
global cycle greenhouse gas cycle |
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ecosystem service
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intact ecosystems provide direct and indirect benefits
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ecosystem service's direct benefits
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new drugs
pollination flood control biomediation |
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ecosystem service's indirect benefits
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climate regulation
nutrient cycling |
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redundancy hypothesis
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niche overlap permits loss of species from same functional group
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rivet hypothesis
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independent species are important, but loss of a few species can be tolerated
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regulating factors of productivity in an aquatic environment (2 factors)
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light
nutrients |
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four factors needed for photosynthesis
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temperature
water light nutrients |
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three biogeochemical cycles
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nutrient cycle
global cycle greenhouse gas cycle |
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ecosystem service
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intact ecosystems provide direct and indirect benefits
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ecosystem service's direct benefits
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new drugs
pollination flood control biomediation |
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ecosystem service's indirect benefits
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climate regulation
nutrient cycling |
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redundancy hypothesis
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loss of species is permitted when niches overlap in the same functional group
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rivet hypothesis
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independent species are important, but loss of a few species can be tolerated
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