Organic Evolution Exam 3

Front 1

Quantitative Genetics

Back 1

analyzes quantitative traits such as morphology, behavior, and life history.

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Environmental Variance, VE

Back 2

The phenotypic variation among individuals with the same genotype

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What does the response of a quantitative character to selection depend on?

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The heritability of the character and the selection differential.

Front 4

When do quantitative traits evolve by drift?

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When the alleles are selectively neutral

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what type of selection often reflects the outcome of antagonsitic selective agents?

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Stabilizing

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What are to effects of commercial exploitation?

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1. earlier sexual maturation in Cod Fish
2. smaller horns in bighorn sheep

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Phenotypic Plasticity

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The production of different phenotypes from a single genotype.

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Norm of reaction

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the set of phenotypes expressed under differing environmental conditions.

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NO G X E interaction

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The Genotypes do not differ in the effect of environment on phenotype

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Horizontal reaction norm

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Selection may favor a constant phenotype

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Canalization

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The mechanism that enables organisms to resist environmental influences.

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Hsp 90

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a protein that stabilizes a wide variety of signal-transducing proteins in eukaryotes.

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What does Hsp90 Buffering effect enable?

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Genetic variation to accumulate because it is not expressed and not subjected to selection.

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2 exampels of Phenotypic plasticity

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1. spring and summer moth larvae
2. morphology of leaves are dependent upon the location of the aquatic plant.

Front 15

additive variance

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the concept of the genetic variance that is attributable to additive effects of alleles

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QTL

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Quantitative trait locus: a chromosome region contacting at least one gene that contributes to variation in a quantitative trait

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QTL Mapping

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a procedure for determining the positions of QTL on chromosomes

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epistasis

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phenotypic effects of synergistic interactions among loci

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response to selection

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the change in the mean value of a character over one or more generations due to selection

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What is the Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) model

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a strategy that is adopted by a population cannot be invaded by any other mutant strategy.

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Semelparous species

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species that reproduce once then die, R=LM

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Iteroparous species

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species that reproduce multiple times, R = sum of lx mx

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lx =

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The probability of survival to age x

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mx =

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the average fecundity at age x.

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Offspring produced at an _________ age _______ fitness more than those produced __________ in life because they add more to population growth, they have greater value in terms of fitness.

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early, increase, later

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antagonistic pleiotropy

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genotypes manifest an inverse relationship between different components of fitness.

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Reproductive effort

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the proportion of energy that an organism allocated to reproduction rather than to growth and maintenance.

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Trade off

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The existence of both a fitness benefit and a fitness cost of a mutation or character state, relative to another

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Cost of reproduction

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animals will decrease their survival in order to reproduce

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apomixis

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parthenogenetic reproduction in which an individual develops from 1+ mitoticallyy produces cells that have not experienced recombination or syngamy

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senescence

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(biological aging) the endogenous and heredity process of accumulation of changes to molecular and cellular structure with time resulting in deterioration and death

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Parental investment

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parental activities that enhance the survival of existing offspring but whose costs reduce the parents subsequent reproductive success

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Optimality theory

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state of some character, among a specified set of plausible states, would max individual fitness, subject to specified constraints.

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Life history:

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focuses on traits associated with mating, survival, and evolutionary trade-offs

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Sex

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the union of two genomes via haploid gametes, followed at a later date by reduction, division and meiosis.

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dioecious

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Species with separate males and females

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Hermaphroditic

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Species with both sexes in an individual

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Asexual Repordcution

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Is carried out by vegetative propagation or by parthenogenesis

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parthenogenesis

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in which offspring develop from a single cell to produce a clone

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what is the most common form of parthenogensis

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apomixis

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apomixis

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meiosis is suppressed and offspring develop from an unfertilized egg

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Cost of Sex

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only 1/2 as many off spring as asexual individual will be produced

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outcrossing

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mating another genetic individual

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sensory bais

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when female preferences evolves before the preferred male trait. Certain traits maybe intrinsically stimulating and evoke a greater response due to the organization of the sensory system.

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sex ratio:

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the proportion of males in a population

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sperm competition

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Can occur after copulation

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vegetative propagation

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offspring arise from a group of cells (spread by runners and stolons)

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Altruism

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individuals that gain fitness by cooperating with other who share the same alleles

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Coefficient of relatedness

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(r) represents how much DNA is shared between two individuals. (mom + daughter = 0.5 and full cousins =0.125)

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cooperation:

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an activity that provides a benefit to other individuals and to the actor

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hamilton's rule

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an altruistic trait will increase in frequency if the benefit received by the donors relatives, exceeds the cost of the trait to the donor's fitness. rb>c

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Kin selection

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a form of selection whereby alleles differ in their rate of propagation by influencing the impact of their bearers on the reproductive success of individuals (kin) who carry the same alleles by common descent.

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inclusive fitness

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the fitness of a gene as measured by its effect on the survival of both the organisms bearing it and the genes, identical by descent, borne by the organisms relative.

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mutualism:

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a symbiotic relation in which each of the two species benefits by their interaction

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reciprocity

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a mutual exchange of favor s and/or privileges

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Parent-offspring conflict

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offspring try to obtain more resources from a parent that it is optimal for the parent to give.

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Biological Species concept:

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species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural population that are re productively isolated from other such groups

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conspecific

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belonging to the same species

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hybrid zone

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a region in which genetically distinct populations come into contact and produce at least some offspring of mixed ancestry.

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phylogenetic species concept

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a species is the smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry

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Isolating barriers

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a genetically determined difference between populations that restricts or prevents gene flow between them (does not include spatial segregation)

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prezygotic Isolation

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isolation occurring before the union of the nuclei of uniting gametes

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post zygotic isolation

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isolation occurring after the union of the nuclei of uniting gametes

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sibling species

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are reproductively isolated populations that are morphological similar but differ ecology, behavior, chromosomes and etc.

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sister species

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species that are thought, on the basis of phylogenetic analysis, to be each other's closest relatives, derived from an immedent common ancestor

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mate recognition systems

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physical characteristics that differentiate males of a given species

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secondary contact

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two formerly allopatric populations that have become genetically differentiated expand so they meet and interbreed.

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allopatric speciation

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populations occurring separated geographic regions

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sympatric speciation

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occurring in the same geographic rage and capable of encountering one another

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parapatric speciation

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populations occupying adjacent geographic areas, meeting at the boarder

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peripatric speciation

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reproduction isolation in peripatric populations as a consequence of a combination of genetic drift and natural selection

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Character displacement

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a pattern of geographic variation in which a character differs more greatly between sympatric than between allopatric populations of two species

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vicariance

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separation of a continuously distributed ancestral population or species into separate populations due to the development of a geographic or ecological barrier

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founder effect speciation

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same as peripatric speciation; involves genetic drift and natural selection

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reinforcement

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evolution of enhanced reproductive isolation between populations due to natural selection for greater isolation.