Ecology And Evolution Test 1

Front 1

Ecology definition

Back 1

relationship b/t an organism and it's environment

Front 2

2 components to ecology

Back 2

1- abiotic components
2- biotic components

Front 3

abiotic components

Back 3

all nonliving components of an organisms environment w/ which it interacts

Front 4

biotic components

Back 4

other organisms an organism lives w/ and w/ which it interacts

Front 5

hierarchy of ecology (small to large)

Back 5

1- individual
2- population
3- community
4- ecosystem

Front 6

population

Back 6

a group of individuals of the same species in the same geographical location that interact w/ each other

Front 7

community

Back 7

different species in the same geographical location that interact w/ each other

Front 8

ecosystem

Back 8

all species in a geographical area and their abiotic environment

Front 9

origin of genetic variation

Back 9

point mutations

Front 10

point mutations

Back 10

single base pair substitutions (ultimate source of all genetic variation)

Front 11

types of genetic variation

Back 11

1- chromosomal mutations
2- polyploidy
3- synapsis and crossing over

Front 12

chromosomal mutations

Back 12

deletions, additions, translocations, inversions, etc... (mistakes)

Front 13

polyploidy

Back 13

multiple copies of an entire chromosome during meosis (mistakes)

Front 14

synapsis and crossing over

Back 14

normal processes, sexually reproducing organisms

Front 15

percentage of normal genetic variation in an given population

Back 15

15% - 20%

Front 16

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

Back 16

mathematical proof that 2 alleles can be maintained in a population as long as certain conditions are met

Front 17

conditions of the Hardy - Weinberg Theorem

Back 17

1- infinite population size
2- random mating
3- no mutations
4- no gene flow
5- no genetic drift
6- no natural selection

Front 18

causes of reduction in gene variation

Back 18

1- genetic drift
2- interbreeding

Front 19

effective population Ne

Back 19

the individuals of a population that are viable for reproduction

Front 20

phenomena that reduce Ne

Back 20

1- neighborhoods
2- genetic bottleneck

Front 21

neighborhood

Back 21

population subdivides, no clear geographical barriers but organisms that are similar mate in groups for no known reason

Front 22

genetic bottleneck

Back 22

catastrophic population decline

Front 23

Natural selection

Back 23

differential survival and reproduction of genotypes

Front 24

5 points to understanding natural selection

Back 24

1- many more offspring are born each generation than survive to reproduce
2- trait variation (differences among a population)
3- inheritance (offspring resemble parents)
4- fitness differences (advantageous traits)
5- evolution (long periods of time lead to changes)

Front 25

2 necessities for natural selection

Back 25

1- trait variation
2- inheritance
3- fitness differences

Front 26

unit on which natural selection most frequently operates

Back 26

the individual

Front 27

goals of natural selection

Back 27

NONE - it is a process, individuals have goals