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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are social structural factors |
Refers to the pattern of relations and behaviors in society (employment of work, economy, marriage, laws) -unemployment, economic crises can upset stability in structures and can explain change in crime rate |
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Who is durkhiem |
Early sociologist -encoutaged the concept of society as a moral construct maintained by collective conscience -published L'Annee sociologique |
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How did durkhiem explain suicide |
Tried to explain the variations in suicide rates among societies as the results of differences in social structure (including both the shared values and the pattern of actions that determine whether people follow or defy them) |
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What does seppuku or hara-kiri mean |
The act of cutting the belly or stomach |
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What are the 2 major concepts in durkhiems suicide theory |
Intergratiins and regulation |
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What are the 4 type of suicide |
Egoistic Altruistic Anomic Fatalistic |
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What is egoistic suicide |
-weak integration into society -excessive individualism -no one is present to keep rules so person become self absorbed -loss of meaning from a collective activity which leads to suicide (Too little intergration) |
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What is altruistic suicide |
A person gives up their goals and rights for the group he is apart of -are people who are extremely integrated or committed to a group (Most common in military and elite troops) (Too much intergration) |
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What is Anomic suicide |
-social norms fail to regulate an individual's behavior (Anomie means state of normlessness) -failure to fulfill human desires creates a strain -need forces to limit these desires (Women and the poor are less likely to use this) (Little Regulation) |
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What is fatalistic suicide |
The result of excessive regulation (People in prism) -lost control of future and life -suicde is a means of escape (To much Regulation) |
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How did durkhiem collect his data |
Through ecological fallacy -conclusion about individuals based on information of the group |
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Why men commit more suicide |
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What did shaw and McKay study |
Studied the distribution of crime in the Chicago area |
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What were shaw and McKays results |
-crime rate is constant in an area over time -highest crime rates found in areas of social disorganization -crime rate is low in areas farther away from the central zone |
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What is Parks and Burgess concentric zone theory |
Cities are developed into several specialized zones |
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What are the zones of the concentric zone theory (1 is inner) |
1) central business district 2) transitional zone (disorganization) 3) working class zone 4) residential ares zone 5) commuter zone or suburban area |
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What is culture conflict theory |
Suggests that crime is conformity to another culture or a subculture in society |
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What does Sellin believe |
That crime can be explained by sub subcultural norms |
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What are Sellins 3 reasons why culture conflict happens |
1) when culture codes clash on the border of contiguous culture 2) when the law of ine culture group is extended to cover the territory of another 3) when members of one cultural group migrate to another |
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What does Sellin suggest are the two dimensions of cultural conflict |
1) mental conflict (how women are thought of) 2) conflict in external cultural codes |
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What does Walter Miller suggests |
Illustrates 6 focus concepts of lower class culture 1) trouble 2) toughness 3) smartness 4) excitment 5) fate 6) autonomy They lead to the use of available means to maintain their needs (sometimes are illegal) -like strain theory |
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What is Mertons theory of anomie |
Society often has consensus on what is important and what isnt pop-culture defines goals that are valued by people in society -cultursl consensus is assumed (American dream) |
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What are the 5 modes of adaptation or role adjustment when culture goals and institutionalized means are at odds |
1) conformity (both culture goals and means) 2) innovation (inadequate socialization) 3) ritualism (extreme assimilation) 4) retreatism 5) rebellion (marginal perspectives) |
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Look at chart |
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Crimes and modes of adaptations |
-Innovators (drug dealers, extortion, gang rivalry, rape, murders) -Retreatism (continuing drug use and abuse) -rebellion (riots and taking hostage) |
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What is coward and ohlins illegitimate opportunity theory |
apply mertons theory of anomie to explain delinquency -argue that certain modes of adaptation require the use of illigitiment means -retreatism, innovation and rebellion are deviant - conformity and ritualism are non deviant
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Illigitament opportunity theory |
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Who was Alberto Cohen |
Studied delinquency of Lower class males -deljnquency is a coping mechanism used by lower class boyd to deal with their failures in school -schools have middle class beliefs -they use status maintenance to deal with frustration at school |
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What is status maintenance |
If you cant excel in a conventional manner then you seek to excel in unconventional ways -bullying or drinking may earn respect form their peers |
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What is differential association according to shaw and McKay |
Social disorganization leads to traditions of crime and delinquency which are transmitted through person and group contacts from generation to generation |
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What is Sutherlands differential association theory |
Is an ambitious undertaking in depicting the processes involved in deviant socialization -process where a person learns about deviant attitudes and values -shows how deviant attitudes increased the likelihood of crime |
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What is the content of learning |
The learning of criminal behavior throught learning definitions favourable or unfavorable to violation of the law -through intimate relationships |
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What is specific learning |
-including both motivation and techniques -means learningmay be specific to a particular form of crime |
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What is the mechanism of learning |
How does a person come to learning about the definitions |
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What is the conditions of learning |
4 conditions for learning deviant and anti deviant definitions 1) frequency (number of dedintionsba person is exposed to) 2) duration (how long) 3) priority (the age of the person during exposure) 4) intensity (level of activity between person and source of definitions) |
