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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Whar is social interaction |
Involves communucatiin among people acting and reacting to one another, either face to face of via technology |
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What are the 3 building blocks that structure all social interactions |
1) social status (a recognized social position) 2) role (set if expected behaviours) 3) norm (generally accepted way of doing things) |
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What is emotion management |
People obeying "feeling rules" and responding appropriately to situations in which they find themselves |
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Emotion is governed by what |
Norms and rules -conventional expectation about what they should feel and how much |
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What did Hochschied suggest (feminist) |
Emotion management vs. Emotion labour -half of work women do is emotional labour -1/3 of work men do is -women do more of this labour because they are better socialized to undertake these roles |
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What is emotion labour |
The emotion management that many people do as part of their job and for which they are paid -need for it grows as economy shifts from good production to services production |
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Who was Deber |
Conflict theoriest -applies principles of conflict theory to conversations (competing for attention) |
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What is social interaction explained by conflict theories |
Social interaction involves the competition over valued resources such as attention, approval, prestige, info, money -chance if a relationship enduring increases if it provides the interacting parties with payoffs |
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What is social learning |
Involves constantly interpreting , reshaping norms, rules and status thst we meet as we interact with others, shaping them to meet out preferences -socially learn actively and creatively |
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What was Goffman |
Symbolic interaction -suggested dramaturgical analysis: Shakespeare, as you like it "All the world's a stage and all the men and women merely players" |
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Whar did goffam suggest |
Veiwd social interaction as a play, where peoole present tgemselves si thet appear in the best poscible light (role playing) |
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What is impression management (goffman ) |
Expressing certain information in order to impress certain ideas upon am audience during social interaction |
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What is role distancing |
Involves giving the impression of "just going through the motions" but lacking serious commitment to a role |
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What emotions did researchers believe were simular across cultures |
Happiness Sadness Anger Disgust Fear Surprise |
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What are stratus cues |
Visual indicators of other people's social position |
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What are stereotypes |
When we make mistakes about status cues -views of how members of various groups act regardless of whether individual group members really behave that way |
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What are the 3 factors of how social groups shape our actions |
1) norms of solidarity demand conformity 2) structures of authority tend to render people obedient 3) bureaucracies are highly effective structures of authority |
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What are bureaucracies |
A large impersonal organization composed of many clearly defined positions arranged in a hierarchy -Highly effect in eliciting conformity and respect to authority -functionaries can give commands without full knowlege of their effects -size and social structure make them inefficiency |
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What are social networks |
A bounded set of units linked by the exchange of material or emotional resources, everything from money to friendship |
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What is the value of network analysis |
-unit in analysis (nodes) can be individuals, groups, organizations -network analysts have examined everything from intimate relationships between lovers to diplomatic relations amount nations |
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What are social groups |
Made of 1 or more networks of people who identify with one another, interact, and adhere to defined Norms, roles and statuses |
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What are social category |
A group made of people who share similar status but do not identify with one another (coffee drinkers) |
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What are primary groups |
Social groups in which Norms, roles and statuses are agreed upon but not put in writing -Social interaction created emotional ties, over long period of time, has wide range of activities (Family) |
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What are secondary groups |
Social groups that are larger and more impersonal than primary groups -social interaction create weaker emotional ties, over short period of time and involves narrow range or activities (Sociology class) |
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What is group conformity |
Conformity is integral part of group life and primary groups generate more pressure to conform than secondary groups -conforming to others |
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What is groupthink |
Group pressure to conform despite individual misgivings -can lead to disaster |
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What are dominate groups |
Constrict group boundaries in particular circumstances to further goals |
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What are reference groups |
Made of people against whom an individual evaluates his or her situation it conduct -serve as role models |
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What are formal organization |
Secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives |
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What is crime |
Behaviours and actions that elicits a formal response in the form of social control and social intervention |
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What is deviance |
Actions that violate social norms that may or may not be against the law |
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What is informal punishment (perceived harmfulness) |
A mild sanction that is imposed during face to face interaction rather than by the judicial system |
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What is formal punishment (perceived harmfulness) |
Penalizatiom by the judicial system for breaking a law |
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What are street crime |
Crimes like arson, break and enter, assault and other illegal acts disproportionately committed by people from lower classes - more visible and easier to catch |
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What is white collar crime |
Illegal acts committed by respectable , high status people in the course of work -invisible because laws make it so |
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What is the ratio for crimes |
1:5 Women: men Highest risk age: 18 |
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What are the 2 theories to study deviance in symbolic interaction (asks how) |
1)Learning deviance or differebtial association theory (DAT) 2) Labelling |
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Who created learning deviance theory or DAT and what is it (symbolic interaction) |
Becker (1963) (Explain how people come to engage in deviant behaviour) -crime is a learned behaviour -through social interaction with others, people learn the values and practices of criminal behaviour - requires a social context where experience teach the novices - more exposure the more it will stick -used example of Chicago jazz bands and smoking 3 stages: 1) learning to properly use or take part in deviant behaviour 2) learning to recognize the effects and connect them to the deviant crime 3)learning to enjoy the perceived sensations |
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What is labelling theory |
Holds that deviance results not from the actions of deviant but from the response of others, who label the rule breaker as deviant -labels can become real in their consequences -reaction labels people as deviant or good -labels then stick and the person learns to define themselves as deviant |
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What is the theory of deviance in feminism (asks how) |
Chivalry vs double stigma/jeopardy |
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What is chivalry or double stigma theory |
Double jeopardy: harsher punishment for women Double stigma: social ostracism as a criminal first and as a failed female |
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What are the 3 theories of deviance in functionalism ( asks why) |
1) strain theory 2) criminal subcultures or illegitimate opportunity theory (IOT) 3) social control |
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Who created strain theory and what is it |
Merton (1938) (Investigated why so many types of non-conforminity or deviance were more common in members if lower social classes) -lower someone is down the more encounters they have with delinquency, drugs, alcohol -caused by malintegration (cultural and social structures are at odds) -creates a strain and people use deviance to adjust to such strain (some use deviance to achieve ways of success, others give up and use drugs to forget lack of success) |
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What is social strain |
A section of the population due to things like race or class may be unable to achivie the vertical mobility that is required in culture -affects people if lower class |
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What is malintegration |
Cultural and social structures are at odds -poor fit between the cultural goals people are encouraged to seek and the means available to prayer those goals |
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Who created illegitimate opportunity theory (IOT) or criminal subcultures and what is it |
Cloward and Olin (1960) (Identified 3 types of specialized deviant subcultures) To become deviant, people must be in a deviant learning environment -environment givens them the opportunity to learn and commit criminal acts |
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What are the 3 types of deviant subcultures created by Cloward and Olin |
1) criminal (produce income from criminal activities, high illegal opportunities) 2) conflict oriented (earn status through violence, low illegal opportunities) 3) retreatist (consume substances to abstract themselves from society that they don't fit) |
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What is social control theory |
Asks why don't more people engage in deviant behaviour - people will behave in deviant ways if they can get away with it -a behaviour that results from the lack of pressure or controls that contain it |
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Who studied in social control theory |
Hirschi (1969) Juvenile deviance can be understood from thus perspective 1) a young person with strong bonds to parents will not be likely to offend 2) a young person with weak social bonds will feel free to act in ways that are more self interested |
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Who are most likely to committed crimes in social control theory |
People who are -impulsive -short sighted -non verbal risk takers -have low self control (from inadequate child rearing) These people are more Likly to committed a wide array of crimes |
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What is the theory for deviance in conflict theories (asks why) |
Criminogenic environment theory |
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What is criminogenic environment theory |
(economic and social contexts) Views crime as the outcome of class struggle (economic and social contexts) - crimes committed by the wealthy like corporate crimes are punished less than crimes committed by lower class ( 50 grams of crack cocaine vs. 1/2 kilo of cocaine) - Views crime as the outcome of class struggle (economic and social contexts) - crimes committed by the wealthy like corporate crimes are punished less than crimes committed by lower class ( 50 grams of crack cocaine vs. 1/2 kilo of cocaine) - Views crime as the outcome of class struggle (economic and social contexts) - crimes committed by the wealthy like corporate crimes are punished less than crimes committed by lower class ( 50 grams of crack cocaine vs. 1/2 kilo of cocaine) - Views crime as the outcome of class struggle (economic and social contexts) - crimes committed by the wealthy like corporate crimes are punished less than crimes committed by lower class ( 50 grams of crack cocaine vs. 1/2 kilo of cocaine) - - crimes committed by the wealthy like corporate crimes are punished less than crimes committed by lower class ( 50 grams of crack cocaine vs. 1/2 kilo of cocaine) - |
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What is medicalization of deviance |
The process of applying medical definitions to deviant behaviour is becoming more prevalent -What is defined as badness is defined as sickness |
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What is moral panic |
Widespread fear that happens when many people believe that some form if devicane or crime poses a grave threat to society's well being |
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Moral panic benefits what powerful interests |
1) the mass media 2) the crime prevention and punishment industry 3) the criminal justice system 4) politicians and the political system |
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Alternative strategies to punishment (capital punishment) |
1) rehabilitation 2) reduce the number if incarcerated offenders (legislative reform, develop pro social behaviour) 3) restorative justice |
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What is restorative justice |
Foucs not on punishemnt but on rehabilitating offenders through bring them together with victims and the large community |
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What is racialization |
The prejudiced habit of assigning specific aptitudes, characteristics as normal to a specific racial category -influenced what we believe about what we are capable of as individuals |
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What is prejudice |
Unfavourable generalized beliefs applied to all members of a group |
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What is discrimination |
Practices that deny members of particular groups equal access to societal rewards |
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What is race |
A social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers usually with profound effects on their lives |
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What is ethnicity |
A heritage used to identify a group of people Rooted in shared: -culture -history -language -nationality -religion |
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What is ethnic foods |
Anything that is not the typical food of the majority |
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Race and ethnicity are achieved statuses |
-they are acquired by virtue of social definition |
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What are the 2 ways to define ethnicity |
1) objectively (by group,language, national origin) 2) subjectivity (by self identification of group members) |
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What is white privilege |
Set of advantages experienced by those demmed to belong to the white racial category that arnt enjoyed by those who don't |
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What is white normality |
The experience of those categorized as white are assumed to be common to all even those who are considered as non white |
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What are the effects of racialization |
Raicail ideology Ask i affects the behaviour of gatekeepers |
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Majority and minority |
A discourse of us and then= difference and offering Leads to -power -dominance -advantage |
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What is opeopoilos |
Empirical research on selection practices on CVs with non-anglo sounding names -a consequence from race and ethnicity |
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What is social stratification |
A society's hierarchical ranking of people into social groups and strata |
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What is social class and social status |
Class -based on both birth and ahcienvemnts in life Status -refers to your portion within the class structure |
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What is wealth and what is it's advantages |
Asserts minus liabilities (what you own minus what you owe) Advantages 1) enhances your sence of well being 2) can give you more political influence 3) improves health |
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What is income and after tax income |
Income -The amount of money earned in a given period After tax income -amount of money earned in a given period after paying income tax and reviving government benefits |
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What is human capital |
Investment in education and training |
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What is social capital |
People's networks or connections |
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What is cultural capital |
People's sets of social skills |
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What factors lead to economic success |
- degree of natural talent -degree or effort -level of education -social and cultural capital |
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Poverty |
No acceptable definition -a definition of poverty showing fewer poor Canadians implies little need for government action |
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What is low income cutoff (LICO) |
The income level at which a family may be in straitened circumstances because it has to spend a greater proportion of its income on necessities than the average family of similar size |
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What are the common beliefs of poverty |
1) it is chronic 2) most people depend exclusively on welfare 3) welfare is generous 4) poverty is inevitable |
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What are the 3 ways of explaining poverty |
1) individual level explanations (focus on attributes of poor people and ask how they differ from the rich) 2) structural explanation (Focus on social organizations of society or subcultures in society) 3) ideological perspectives (Negative images of various groups leads to an undervaluaing of the ways of life of some people) |
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Feminization of poverty |
1) women are more likly ti be low incomes earners than men are 2) low income gap between women and men is growing |
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In functionalism in social stratification what is the davis Moore theory |
By rewarding deserving individuals a society allocates limited resource to those who do the greatest good for the whole "meritocracy" |
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What does the davis Moore thesis clam |
1) some jobs are more important than others 2) jobs that are more important require more training and sacrifice 3) to motivate people high rewards must be offered 4) stratification is necessary: it performs a useful function |
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What is role conflict |
Happens when two of more statuses held at the same time place contradictory role demands on a person |
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What is role strain |
Happens when incompatible role demands are placed on a person in a single status |
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What is dramaturgical analysis |
Views social interaction as a sort of play in which people present themselves so that they appear in the best possible light |
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What is bystander apathy |
Happens when people observe someone in an emergency but do not offer help because they feel no responsibility for the incident and justify their inaction by the fact that others are not responding to it |
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What is law |
A norm stipulated and enforced by government bodies |
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What is stigmatization |
Process of negatively evaluating people because of marker that distinguishes them from others |
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What are victimless crimes |
Violations of the law which no voting has stepped forward and been identified |
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What are self report surveys |
Surveys in which respondents are asked to report their imvolovemnt in criminal activities either as perpetrators or as victims |
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What is victimization surveys |
Surveys in which people are asked whether they have been victims of crime |
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What is recidivism rate |
The proportion of convicted offenders who commit another crime |
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What is scapegoat |
A disadvantaged person or category of people who others blames for their own problems |
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What are ethnic groups |
Comprises people whose perceived cultural makers are demmed socially significant. -differ from one another in terms of language, religion, customs, values |
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What is racism |
The belief that a viable charactrisitic of a group, like skin colour, indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination |
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What is the circle of racism |
1) physical markers are used to distinguish groups and create social inequality based on race by means of colonialism, slavery 2) different social conditions between superordinates and subordinates created behavioural differences between them 3) perceptions of behavioural differences create racial stereotypes that get embedded in culture |
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What are the myths about poverty |
1) they are poor cause the don't want to work 2) they are immagerents 3) poor people are trapped in poverty |
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What is classism |
The belief that a person relative worth is at least partly determined by their social and economic status |
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What is social mobility |
Some movement between social classes the reality is that few move out of the class in which they were born in |
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What is intergenerational mobility |
Social class position that is passed from generation to generation time from parents to children |
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What is intragenerational mobility |
Refers to an individual's status potion over their life (How they changed) |
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What is basket market measure |
is ameasure of low income based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living. |
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What are the steps in social stratification in conflict theory and who created it |
Marx 1) ability of capitalists to hire and fire wage as Roma at first encouraged rapid technological change 2)to drive profits capitalists spend little on improving working conditions 3) the result: growing demand on the part of workers to end capitalist exploration 4) prediction: capitalism could produce more than workers could consume worsening crises of overproduction would result in the fall of capitalism |
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What is webers (compromise) theory of stratification |
Class potion is determined by market situation: the possession of goods, opportunities for income, level of education's and level of technical skill Four main classes 1) large property owners 2) small property owns 3) property less but highly educated employees 4) properly less maximal workers |
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What are status groups (Weber theory or stratification) |
Groips that differ from one anotger in terms of the prestige or social honour they enjoy and in terms of their style of life |
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What are parties (Webers theory of stratification) |
Organizations that seek to impose their will on others (differences in power) |
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What is class (Marx's theory of stratification) |
Grouping that is determined by a person relationship to the means of production it the source of that person's income |
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What is the bourgeoisie (Marx's theory of stratification) |
Owners of the means of production, income derives from profits |
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What is proletariat (Marx's theory of stratification) |
Working class -perform physical labour but don't own mean of production -positions to earn wages |
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Symbolic interaction and social stratification |
Study how people interpret and construct response to class inequality |
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What is status symbol |
Material indicators that demonstrate a person's social economic position |
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What are the 3 kinds of symbolic interactionism in stratification |
1) conspicuous consumption -buying items because they are expensive (large ring) 2) conspicuous leisure -purchasing types of entertainment to signal to others weath ( yacht) 3) conspicuous waste -wasting money to signal status (leaving a 1000 tip) |
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What is feminist theory in stratification |
Interested in how the dominant perspective has determined a society's evaluation of what is deemed valuable and important Focus on 1) working lives of women within capitalism 2) the role of class position in determining ones view of the world |
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What is the double ghetto |
Women have full time jobs both in and outside the home -second shift is invisible -additional responsibilities can limit women's full participation in the workforce (Subordinate role of women at home and work) |
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What are ascription based stratification systems |
A system which the allocation of rank depends in the features with which a person is born (ascribed characteristics) |
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What are achievement based stratification systems |
System in which the allocation of rank depends in a person accomplishments |
