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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sociology |
The study of the organization of social life,how we connect to each other and how we construct the world's we live in |
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What do sociologist study |
The shapes and forms of social life looking for aggregates -correlate individual experiences to social patterns |
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How are our experiences shaped |
Through our experiences, values, thoughts and actions by forces outside of us, our control, that we don't see or understand |
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When do we use sociology |
When we peel back the veneer or everyday life to examine the rules, norms and values that help to organize our world -look at why we do what we do |
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What did Marx say about sociology |
The point of sociology is to not simply to understand how things came to be or to interpret the way history has shaped social action - the point is to change the world for the better |
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Sociology is? |
The study of social structures, social institutions that set society norms and values |
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What are social structures or institutions |
Family Religion Politics Mass media Law Education |
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What does social structure refer to |
The social patterns that explain how societies are organized |
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What does society do |
-sheds light on power and equality - Shows how history and culture shape belonging and social interaction -sociology shows how social action transforms ideas of social justice |
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Steps sociologist take |
1)formulated ideas based on values 2)make theories 3)test theories through research (see if valid) 4)reach validity by consensus 5)create social change through insights |
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Personal troubles vs social issues |
Charles Wright Mills -is it your fault -are others affected -does it have to be that way |
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Stages of personal vs social |
1) despair 2) mobilization 3)anger 4)revolution |
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What is wright mills quality of mind |
1) people are not able to recognize the social origins of their problems 2)they have blind spot people tend not to respond to social issues effectively 3)we need to develop quality of mind the ability to look beyond personal circumstance and into social context |
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Canada and suicide |
11.4 per year per 100,000 11 among countries |
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Emile Durkhiem on suicide |
-proved that suicide is more than an individual act of desperation caused by psychological disorders -found discrepancies (Rate of suicide 4 times higher in men) |
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Emile Durkhiem suicide influenced by |
Social forces Varied at rates of -Social solidarity (degree group members share beliefs, values, how intensity and frequency if their interactions) -Social control (degree people are constrained by social structures) |
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What are the 4 kinds of suicide |
1)Altruistic suicide (high intergration) - When norms tightly govern behaviour 2) fatalistic suicide (high control) -When people's every movement is tightly regulated 3)egoistic suicide (low intergration) - low solidarity "don't fit in" 4) anomic suicide (low conrtol) -one has low control over life evens -norms governing behaviour are vague |
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What is social imagination and Peter burger view |
Ability to understand dynamic relationships between individual lives and the larger society -must see the world in two different ways The general in the particular The strange in the familiar |
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What is agency |
The belif that individuals have the ability to alter their lives Burgers and mills -individuals at the culmination of social forces |
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Who face discrimination |
1) female 2) visible minority 3) disability 4) lesbian or gay 5) young 6) rural area |
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What is socio economic status (ses) |
Calculated by using income, education, occupation, residence Ascribed SES (born with) Achieved SES (gain through personal attributes and qualities) |
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What is a paradigm |
Refers to a group of theories thst share similar characteristics and overlap in explaining a social phenomenon |
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What are the 4 sociological paradigms |
1) functionalism 2)conflict theory 3)symbolic interaction 4)feminism |
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What us functionalism |
Perspective that sees society as a system of interrelated parts MACRO focus -image a human body |
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What is conflict theory |
Perspective that sees society as various groups that are in constant struggle over scarce resources -MACRO focus |
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What us symbolic interaction |
Perspective that socks on top people interact with others -MICRO focus |
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What is feminism |
Perspective that sees society focuses on gender inequalities that built into the social structure MICRO and MACRO focus |
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Who are the theories of functionalism and what did they believe |
Durkhiem Parsons Merton |
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What did Durkhiem focus on in functuionism (social fact and collective conscience) |
Social facts (the social features that exist on their own and independent of individual manifestations -give content to our thinking -they constrain and coerce us to behave in established and predictable ways |
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What did Durkhiem focus on in functuionism (social fact and collective conscience) |
Collective conscience -made up of values and norms shared by citizens for a particular society |
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What were Parsons views in functionalism |
Society is a complex network if interrelated parts like a bicycle wheel -have to be balanced with one another or wheel crashes -Social systems stay stable - to change some great force must impact |
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How did Merton veiw functionalism |
That there are 2 functions in any social system -manifest( factors that lead to an expected outcome) -latent (factors that lead to an unexpected consequence |
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What did Merton also view as an important part in functionalism social systems |
Social systems have parts that are dysfunctional -they create a disruption of instability -institutions need to be fixed it entire system will be dysfunctional |
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Who are the theories of conflict theory |
Marx and engels Weber and gramsci (Pyramid) |
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What is capitalism in context theory |
People are in 2 classes Classes defines by relations of production -bourgeoisie (on top, who one the means of production)(want more labour for less money) -proletariat (on bottom, the workers, sell their labour for wages) (work the least and make the most) |
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What is alienation and exploitation |
-Workers become disconnected form their work and each other - the top class only cares for itself |
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What is false consciousness |
Workers eventually become used and passively accept an economic and values system that exploits then -blind to the fact they exploited |
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What is class consciousness |
Develop an understanding of their position as exploited parties in the class - No longer accepting it leading to a revolution |
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What did Weber believe about conflict theory |
Are very important as well not just class 1) status 2)membership to organized groups -class is made of economic factors -workers stabilized society (enjoyed good working conditions, salaries a d benefits) not interested in overthrowing capitalism |
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Who are the theories in symbolic interaction |
Cooley Mead |
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What does the MICRO level focus on in symbolic interaction |
With special attention to communication |
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What is subject meaning in social interaction |
Make social life possible -because people attach meaing to things -people create social circumstances -increased understanding and tolerance of differences due to emphasis on subjective meanings |
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What did Mead say about social interaction |
Society is the result if individuals seeing themselves through participation in social acts - to understand one another we take th stole of another (The self as reflexive) |
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What did Cooley state about the concept if self in symbolic interaction |
The mind emerges once an individual actor can select on themselves/himself/herself and see their actions as a result if social process (Looking glass self) (I am who I think you think I am) |
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What does symbolic interaction take part in |
-Face to face interactions -subjective meaning and signification -coding and decoding |
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What is patriarchy in feminism |
Defied as a social system that benifts men and how it determine a person's opportunities in life In both MICRO and MACRO social settings |
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Who studies feminism |
Martineau Addams Smith |
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What did Martineau state in feminism |
-expliained inequalities in the economic system and between sexes -annualized impact of slavery, position of women in society and the USA potential system
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What did martineau's work have |
1) an awareness of gender 2) focus in the lives and works of women 3) a critique concerned with practices of social inequality and a commitment to making it better |
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What did Addams do in feminism |
Main task - to socialize Democrat and create a society based on inclusivity, empowerment and vantage point -anti poverty activist -humans are responsible for their own evolutionary processes |
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What did Smith do in feminism |
-critiques traditions sociology, pointing out that it reflects a world that appeared to be neutral but is actually make centered - the experiences of women and other minorities are erased -involves the everyday and every night |
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Feminision and social structure |
Male domination and female subdomjnatiin are determined by social structures not biology |
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How does research filter our perception |
We see: Our values ,theories, research, methods Which affects how we see reality |
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How do values and theoretical paradigms affect our research |
Values -of a researcher will dictate the theoretical paradigm that she will depart Theoretical paradigm -different ones and theories generate different research questions |
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What are the steps to conduct research |
1) formulate research question 2)review existing research literature 3)select research method 4)collect data 5) analyze data 6) punish results |
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What are research ethics |
1) respect your subject right to safety(give right of whether and how they studied) 2) respect subjects right to informed consent 3)respect your subjects right to privacy (how info revealed to public) 4) respect subjects right to condentiality 5)do not falsify data 6) do not plagiarize |
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What do methods gage |
Things that can be numerically counted -others that are not easily counted like emotional motivations |
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What is the quantitative research approach |
-used for countable social phenomenon(in numerical terms) -involves converting aspects of social life into number and whether a significant relationship exists between numbers |
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What is the qualitative research approach |
-uncountable data -helpful for measuring the specific context of human activity -gives insights on emotions and feelings -focus on rich detail - small sample cause expensive -sociologist is research instrument |
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What is deductive logic |
-begins at theory level -used if there is already a body of research on the subject -researchers develop theories to explain/predict patterns -develop testable questions |
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What is inductive logic |
-moves from data the theory -used in quantitative research -map non charged territory -researchers gathers info before developing theories |
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What is a hypothesis |
Tentative statement about a particular relationship that can be tested empirically |
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What are variable, independent and dependent |
Variable -measure relationships between objects Independent -change or manipulate by researchers (the cause) dependent - the reaction to manipulate (the effect) |
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What is randomization |
Experiments that assigning individuals to groups by chance process |
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What us the experimental and control group |
Experimental -group exposed to the independent variable Control -group not exposed to independent variable |
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What are the different kinds of researching approaches |
Surveys Field research Secondary source research
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What are surveys and who are involved |
Research me tho where respondents are asked about their knowledge, attitudes, behaviour Population (the whole group interest) Sample (part of the group of interest) Respindent (person who answers the researcher questions) |
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What is field research |
Invokes systematically observing people in the field 2 strategies 1)detached observation 2)participant observation |
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What is detached observation |
Classify and count behvioit of interest according to a predetermined scheme (Presence of research can cause reactivity) |
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What is participant observation |
Observe social settings systematically and take part in activities of people being studied (Problems of reliability and generalizing findings to other settings) |
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What is secondary source research |
Analysis of existing documents and official statistics -No reactive research methods -diaries, newspapers, historical works |
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What is valid, reliability, correlation, causality, spurious correlation, generalizability |
Valid ( accurately measure concept) Reliability ( consistency of a result) Correlation ( relationship of 2 variables) Causality (Variable causes change in another) spurious correlation ( Variable produce another but only coincidence) correlation is false Generalizability (amount of info that can be generalized to apply to population) |
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What is abstraction |
Human capacity to create general ideas or ways of thinking that are not linked to particular insurance (c-a-t) |
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What is cooperation |
Human capacity to create a complex social life by sharing resources and working together |
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What is symbolic signification |
Anything that carried a particular meaning including that components of langue, mathematical notjabs and signs |
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What are the 5 features of culture |
Culture is 1) learned (get it through language) 2) shared (develops with interaction/share experiences) 3) transmitted (beliefs passed down) 4)cumulative(refine and modify with each generation to meet new needs) 5)human (all aminals social but not cultural, define how when and why we communicate) |
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What is production, non material culture and material culture |
Production (human capacity to make and use tools) Non material culture ( symbols, norms and non tangible elements if culture) Material culture (tools and techniques that enable people to accomplish tasks) |
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What are the 3 norms |
Folkway (a preference) -least important norms that have least punishment Mores(a requirement) -core norms that are essential for groups survival Taboos (entails prohibition) -strongest norms punishment is severe, string social reaction |
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What language and the sapir-whorf thesis |
System of symbols strung together to communicate through Sapir-wolf Infliential argument about connrctiin between experience thought and language |
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3 parts if the salir whorf thesis |
1) we experience certain things in our environment and form concepts 2) develop language to express our concepts (speech patterns are interpretations of experience) 3) language influence how we see world |
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What is ethnocentrism |
Invokes jufgubg another culture exclusively by the standards of one's own |
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Symbolic interactionism: culture as freedom |
Culture is view as an independent variable People do not accept culture passively We are not empty vessels that society pours a defined assortment of beliefs, symbols and values |
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What us the rights revolution and multiculturalism and relativism |
Belief that all elements of all cultures should be respect as equally Multiculturalism -policy that reflects Canada ethnic and racial diversity in past and today -too much relativism can cause prejudice and racism |
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What is rationalization and buriaucratizationl |
Application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals and buriaucratization (iron cage by weber) -arises with the capitalist mode of production
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What is culture shaped from |
Shaped by the need a of capitalism Stems from the mode of production -base: mode of production and the relations of production -superstructure: made up of all cultural output(government,laws,religion) |
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What is dominant ideology and consumerism |
Dominant ideology -system of thoughts, knowledge and beliefs to legitimate and perpetuate capitalism and particular culture Consumerism -tendency to define ourselves in terms of goods and services we purchase |
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What is countercultures |
Subversive subcultures that oppose dominant values and seek to replace then (Consumerism stops them for posing serious thwart to social stabity acting as a social control) |
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How is consumerism a social control |
1) transform deviations from mainstream culture into means of making money 2) entices rebels to become entrepreneurs |
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What is socialization |
Process by which you learn culture and become member if society -become socialized by entering into a role (behavior expected of a person in a potion in society) -become aware of yourself |
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What is pro.ary socialization |
Mist intense period (infancy childhood) -learn the principles of social interaction - Develop identity -infants needs are satisfied immediately with food,comfort -child Is one with environment (doesn't see world as separate) |
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What is self |
Set if ideas and attitudes about who we are as independent begins |
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Who are important theories in primary socialization |
Freud Cooley Mead |
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Freud and primary socialization |
-all about negotiating needs and delaying gratification -babies firm self image as demand are denied -lesson in self control (a sense of appropriate behaviour and moral sense of right and wrong) |
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Freuds Id supper ego and ego |
Id- want it know Supper ego- can't have it it's not right (social controls) Ego- need to do some planning. (Between what we want and what is right) |
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What did Cooley state about primary socialization |
-saw when children interact with others they gestured and reacted to those around them - Looking glass self (sence if self from others seeing us so develop self about who we are reflexively) -children look for cues from adults if they are right |
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Mead and primary socialization |
Self happens in the process of social experience Taking the role of the other -I (subjective and impulsive part if self present in birth) -me (objective and social competent of self that emerges through social interaction and taking role of the other) |
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What are need a 4 stages of rile taking |
1) imitation (learn by intimidating) 2)early role taking (pretend to be others in role play games) 3)games (learn to play complex games that have role taking) 4)transposition of role (take role of generalized other) |
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What is the generalized other |
Persons image of cultural standards and how they are applied to him or her |
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How are role patterns identified |
1) how sons and daughter behaviour (roles if children) 2) how mothers and fathers behave (how they act) |
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What is status difference |
The role interaction among other qualifying social characteristics tied to authority and power, class, gender, age, race |
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What is Thomas theorem and self fulfilling prophecy |
Thomas theorem - holds that situation we define as real become teal in consequences Self fulfilling -an expectation that helps to cause what it predicts |
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What is peer groups |
Peer groups -individuals who are not necessarily friends but about the same age and similar status |
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What are gender roles |
The set if behaviours associated with widely shared expectations about how males and females act - |
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What are initiation rites and it's 3 stages |
-signified transition of individual from one group to another and ensures person loyalty to new one 1) operation from the person's old status and identity (ritual rejection) 2)degradation, disorientation and stress (ritual death) 3) acceptance if new group culture status (ritual rebirth) |
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What are total institutions |
Setting in which people are isolated from the larger society and under strict control -constant supervision and staff |
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What are virtual communities |
Association of people, scattered across the city or world who communicate via computer and modem about subject of common interest |
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How does socialization work in 4 paradigms |
Functinalistis (helps maintain orderly social relations) Conflict and feminist (discord based on class,gender other divisions is inherent) Symbolic interactions (individuals creatively attach meaning to social surroundings) |
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What are the agentents in primary socialization and secondary socialization |
Family (most important) Secondary socialization (outside the family socialization) - school (responsible for) |
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What are the function and conflicts in school |
Functiinalists( curriculum as integrative function, teaches students to be good citizens) Conflict theories (hidden curriculum teaches conformism, behaviours like punctuality, respect for authority important for competition for superior performance) |
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What does hidden curriculum lead to |
Student think that evaluation occurs sorry bases on preference and impersonal, stadarized measurements) |
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How do agents of socialization work |
Childen Develop identities through -rejecting some parental values -experimenting with new elements of culture -engaging in various form if rebellious behaviour |
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What is anticipatory socialization and flexable self |
Beinging able to take on the norms and behaviours of the tiles we aspire Flexible self -a person can change body and therefore their self-conception through |
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What is micro and macro |
Micro ( patterns of social relations firmed during face to face) MACRO ( patterns of social relations line above mesostructures) don't interact face to face |
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What is cultural hegemony |
The control of a culture by dominate classes and other groups at the point where their values are universally accepted as common sence |
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What is high, pop, dominant, subordinate culture |
High ( culture consumed by upper class) Pop ( culture consumed by all classes ) Dominate ( helps rich, powerful people exercise control over others) Subordinate( contests dominate culture to varying degree) |
