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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a major obstacle aboriginal people faced? |
Society -prevented people from participating in it socially, economically and politically |
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What is colonialism |
The action or process of settling among and establishing control over aboriginal people |
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What are the 7 stages of colonization |
1) geographical occupancy 2) destruction of aboriginal social, political and cultural structures 3) external political control 4) economic dependence 5)prevision of law quality social services 6) development of racist attitudes and establishment of a "colour line" 7) transformation of racist attitudes to structural or systemic racism |
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Stage 1 |
Geographical occupancy -people from Europe and France came to the newland and acted in their best interests (Force there way into an area) |
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Stage 2 |
Destruction of aboriginal social, political and cultural structures -laws and regulation banned ceremonies -forced them to take a more settled like behaviour ( their values and norms where ignored or violated) |
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Stage 3 |
External political control -British north American act -Indian act (Mother country sends it representatives to indirectly rule the new land) |
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Stage 4 |
Economic dependence -traditional economy vs. Modern -prevented from participating in modern economy and its power structures -creation of culture of poverty (Simple substitutes for traditional items used by aboriginals ment that once substitution took place, dependency began)
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Stage 5 |
Provision of law quality social services -health and education (Lower life expectancy) (Is it the federal government or provincial government responsible)
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Stage 6 |
Development of racist attitudes and establishment of a "colour line" -infurier because the government organization, nomadic way of life -colour line (when certain attributes determine who is inferior) |
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Stage 7 |
Transformation if racist attitudes to structural or systemic racism |
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What is modern racism (covert, structural) |
-white is the human norm -all other are a race (Neddary for conquest/ colonization) |
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What is overt racism |
In your face, a conscious act intendent to harm or damage a person or group |
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Why is there a clash of cultures (aboriginal) |
-hunter-gathers, agricultural groups -harmony with physical environment -limitied technological development - few demands on environment -low population preserves |
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Why is there a clash of cultures (europeans) |
-continually developing technology to dominate and exploit nature -misson to christianize the world -assume superiority -racism is the main ideology under policies -they write the history -eutocentric view |
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What is eurocentric |
reflecting a tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-America values and experiences |
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What is our contemporary relationship based on |
-suspicion -disrespect -midtrust -segregstion -paternalistic attitudes (treating aboriginal as children) -discriminatory and biased legal provisions |
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What is assimilation |
A process in which member of an ethnic group lose characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant group while taking on the characteristics of the dominant group |
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How does the media affect the relationship |
-bias -focus on specific complaints and issues (overlook history) -revel short term perspectives -imply the fault lies with aboriginal people |
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How has history been affected |
-domknant group usually defines, writes and explains history -white males -"history" didnt start till Europeans came to Canada |
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What are the 2 ideological influences in 17th century new France |
-mercantilism -Roman Catholicism |
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What Is mercantilism |
Economic theory where the mother country is entitled to exploit its colonies |
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What is roman Catholicism |
Conversion to christianity was synonymous with becoming civilized |
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How did the french try to establish relationships with aboriginals |
-gave gifts of European origin -encouraged allies to kill enemies of the french -paid attention to youth and socialized them into french culture and society -intermarriage (during fur trade) |
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How did the French treat aboriginals |
-frenchification (turning aboriginals into french citizens) -tried to assimilate -negotiation and diplomacy -intermarriage to stable relationships -expanded territory without expropiating it |
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What did the British bring |
-more intolerant and harsher -created own centralized state with own laws -only wanted to colonize canada and spread christianity - new racist philosophies( manifest destiny the belief that Europeans should control the world) |
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How did the bristish see aboriginals |
-value was based on military need (no longer needed so pushed to side) -wesrward expansion without aboriginals concerns |
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What were the consequences of the British approach |
-mercantilism was discarded -importance of first trade divided -whacolonization became paramount |
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Why have aboriginals been unable to entering modern labour market |
The lack of certain technical and social skills
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How has identity been affected? |
-connection between labeling and identy -identity has been created by the government -mislabeling led to identity crisis -colonialism imposed labels on different ethnic groups -collective identity has been difficult to form |
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Who determines who is an indian |
The indian act 1876 (created by the government) decided who was and who wasnt an Indian |
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What is a war of maneuver |
People join together; depending on each other -standing up to the crown (use force is necessary) (Elements of autonomy and opposition to survive) |
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What is a war of positions |
Use of political means, courts (Politicsl strategies to achieve goals) |
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What is integrate |
Keeping identity and create new relationships |
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What Is assimilate |
Adopt dominant culture |
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What is separate |
Retain identity but separate |
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What Is marginalize |
Give up ethnic identity without developing a new identity |
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How did Europeans see aboriginal ethnicity and culture |
-saw them as all one group -didnt bother to see distinct groups -under the master treat "indians" -they were all lumped together |
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When did first nation become population |
In the 1970s -aboriginals have the right to maintain their identities and to distinguish them selves from mainstream society
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When did the first definition of indian happen |
In 1850 (no definition for 300 years) -based in mixture of biological and cultural traits -only indian and non Indian categories originally |
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What was the defi of Indain in 1850 |
All persons: -of indian blood reputed to belong to a particular band interested in lands or their descendants -intermarried with any such Indians and living among then and descendants -residing among or whose parents on either side are -adoptee in infancy and living in the village or lands of suck Indians |
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What are the 4 major legal entities that emerged in the late 1800s |
Indians -non status indians -Inuit -legal, status, registered Indians ( legal status of each category varied province to province) -metis |
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Who was considered an Indian in 1876 |
-any male person of indian blood reported to belong to a particular band -any child of such a person -anyone women who is or was lawfully married to suck a person |
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How many people identify as aboriginal |
1.6 million -4.9% |
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What does the constitution act section 35.2 state |
Aboriginal peoples of Canada included Indians, metis and Inuit |
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What are legal terms in the indian act |
Legal, registered, status indian |
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What does being a status Indian mean |
The person is on a band list or on the Indian register in Ottawa (Determined through ancestory mot blood) (Eligibility had nothing to do with culture) |
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What does the British North American act section 91. 24 state |
-federal government is responsible for status Indians -provincial government is responsible for metis and non status |
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What is the indian register |
List of all the status Indians that the federal government keeps record of. -since 1850 -maintained by INAC -doesnt include Inuit or metis |
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What are reserves |
-created to isolate, protect and assimilate first nations -place for people to become civilized -not owned by first nations, land is set aside (Reservation in US) |
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How many reserves r across canada |
2720 |
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What are non status Indians |
People who seldom identify as first nations but do not meet the criteria of the indian act |
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What is enfranchisement |
Legal process of losing ones status -either voluntarily or forced |
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What are the reasons for enfranchisement |
1) volunteer to give up status 2) obtain a university degree 3)become a minister 4)reside outside of canada for 5+ years 5) status women marrying a non status man 6) enlist in military service |
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What was bill C-31 |
Act that amend the indian act
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What was the purpose of Bill C-31 |
-eliminate sexual discrimination in the indain act -brjng indain act into line with canadian charter of rights and freedoms -abolish enfranchisement -redress the issue of transferring ones status |
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Lavall and Bedard cases |
Challenged the Indian act about women who lost status when marrying non status Indians -argued that women where tested differently when it came to marriage |
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What were the 3 key provisions aimed at of bill C-31 |
-those who lost status and the registration of their kids -new rules about who could register -ability of first nations to determine their own membership rules |
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What are the 4 new categories created by bill c-31 |
-status with band membership -status without band membership -non status with band membership -non status without band membership |
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What problems did bill C-31 create |
-bands typically controlled own membership -some reinstated women automatically got membership -resentment toward those who were reinstated |
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What are bill C-31 reinstatees categories |
6 (1) - anyone who is the child if two status partners, entitled to status and pass it on to children 6 (2) - anyone who is the child of one status Indian, is entitled to status but cant pass status down to children unless the other parent has status |
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What social and political issues were raised by bill C-31 |
-clash of urban culture with reserve culture -sharing band profits - some bands adopted old Indian act (excluded reinstated Indians) -financial concerns by the federal government
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What was Bill C-3 |
Gender equality in indian registration act -can apply for 6(2) under bill if.... 1) grandmother lost status due to marrying a non indian 2) 1 parent is registered or entitled to be registered 3) you or sibling was born after september 4, 1951 |
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What is a treaty |
Signifies an individual or his ancestors, signed a treaty with the crown (Bot the same as status) |
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What were disk numbers |
1940s-1970s -Worn around the neck -put in place cause administrators could not translate Inuit names -they gave each person a unique number ti be used for identification |
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What is the metis national council criteria |
-person who self identified as metis and is distinct from other aboriginal people -is of historic metis nation ancestry as-is accepted by metis nation |
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Who recognized metis |
-not indian act Was -manitba act -dominion land act -Canadian constitution |
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How are metis and non status different |
Metis -dustinct culture -constitutionally recognized Non status -not recognized in the constitution |
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Social division |
Definitions are still not settled -such nominal distinctions have divided (strategy to control aboriginals) |
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Population rate of aboriginals |
Decreased until mid 1950s Since then population has increased 5 fold |
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What do demographic studies and censuses do |
-understand how a group changes over time (Population trends) (Growth rate) =fertility+ morality+ immigration -to make policies and provide funding |
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What are census metropolitan areas (CMA) |
Area with one or more neighbouring municipalities situated around a major urban core -population of 100,000 which 50,000 or more live in urban core |
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What are non census metropolitan areas (non-CMA) |
Small urban areas with a population of less than 100,000 |
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What are rural areas |
All land lying outside urban areas (excluding reserves) |
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What are the residential patterns |
-decrease of living on reserve -metis live on prairies -non status live in BC and ON -unuit in Inuit nunangat |
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Reserve characteristics |
-largest reserves are in western canada -band may have more than 1 reserves -less than 500 people on a reserve |
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Reserves in manitoba |
63 first nations -6 out of the 20 largest are in mb -23 are not accessible by an all weather road |
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What are the push and pull factors |
Push (why someone might leave the reserve) -healthcare -school -excitment Pull (why someone might go back to reserve) -family -safety |
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What are the classifications of reserves |
1) urban (within 50km of an urban area) population increasing 2) rural (50-330km from urban center) 3) remote (350km from urban area) population decreasing 4) special access (not accessible by an all weather road) population decreasing |
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How many bands are in canada |
634 -most are small -govmenrent can make or eliminate a band at their discretion -went from women to men in charge -eairee for government |
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What are the 2 definitions for bands |
Culturally (a group of people who have the same culture, beliefs and have a common interest in the land) Politically (forced upon a group of people for administration reasons. May or may not have similarities) |
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What are the 3 reason for population growth |
1) biology 2) relocation 3) legislative and political decisions |
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Population growth |
Growing faster than mainstream society -younger population -higher feetoloty rates -avaerge 10 years younger |
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Growth rate affected by fertility |
-number if children a women will have during her life -3.23 vs 1.57 -15-19 have a fertility rate of 11x non aboriginal rate (More kids to ensure survival) |
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What is the growth rate affected by |
-low mortality rate than historically (1.5x higher) -increased life expectancy -sucide rate is double of non aboriginal (5-6x) |
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Growth rate affected by legislative decisions |
Over 300,000 enfranchised during 20th century - bill C-31 increased population |
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Health care |
-health care of first nations is looked after by federal government Issues over -defintion of health -how health policy is created and services are delivered -is health care funding fiduciary obligation (federal government always trying to offload responsibility to provinces) |
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Who was colonel E. L Stone |
Medical superintendent of indian affairs in 1927 |
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In 1935 what did the indian affairs do for health care |
Employed 11 full time doctors 250 part time 11 nurses 8 indain agents with medical training |
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What was the indian health transfer policy |
Transfer services suck as healthcare to first nations -thought to be important for self government -some programs still controlled by government (infectious diseases, communicable diseases, dental, water quality, environmental health) |
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What were medical services changed to |
First nations inuit health branch (FNIHB) |
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What are the 3 sources of support |
Federal Provincial Municipal |
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What are crontic conditions and acute conditions (elevated rates in first nations) |
Chronic (last longer than 6 months) Acute (diseases lasting a short time that comes rapidly) |
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What are the leading causes of death |
10-13 (suicide or self injury) 20-44 (suicide, circulatory issues, respiratory disease, cancer, chronic conditions) |
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Turberculosis |
-spread through the air -decreased among general society -affecting younger population (15-44) |
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HIV |
Lots 25% from aboriginal people Women accounted for 47% |
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Diabetes |
2-5x higher Caused by the traditional diet being replaced by market diet |
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What are other leading causes if death |
Environmental hazards Poor housing and overcrowding Poor nutrition Chronic unemployment Poor infrastructure services and their delivery |
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Off reserve |
Describes people, services or objects that are not part of a reserve but relate to first nations |
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Oral history |
Evidence taken from the spoken works of people who have knowledge of past events |
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Surrender |
A formal agreement that a band consents to give up part or all rights and interests in a reserve |
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Metis |
People of mixed forst nation and European ancestry |
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Inuit |
Aboriginal people in northern Canada |
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Inuvialuit |
Inuit who love in western arctic |
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Innu |
Naskapi a d montagnais first nation peoples who live in northern Quebec and labrador |
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Indian |
One of three cultural groups defined af first nations |
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Custom |
A traditional aboriginal practice |
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Bill C-31 |
Per legidtlation name for the act of amend the Indian act |
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Aboriginal title |
Legal term that recognizes an aboriginals intrest in the land |
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Aboriginal people |
The defendants of the original inhabitants of north America |
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Aboriginal affairs and northern development |
Changed the name if the indian and northern affairs canada |
