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159 Cards in this Set
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What are the 3 d's that different unusual behaviour and mental disorders |
1)distressing to individual (if suffering is too long or disproportionate to situation) 2)dysfunctional (for individual or society) 3)deviant (violate unstated norms) |
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What is abnormality |
Social construction -whether a person's thoughts and feeling are maladaptive (cause distress to oneself or others, images day to day functioning, increases chance of injury or self harm) |
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What are the 3 possible models for defining disorders |
Know |
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1) |
Mental disorder as a violation of cultural standards -focus on rules and roles of culture - deviant if violate -rules are specific to a group or time |
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2) |
Mental disorder as behaviour that is self destructive or harmful to other -focus on negative outcomes of behaviour |
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3) |
Mental disorder as emotional distress -focus on a person suffering -a behaviour upsetting for the person -excluded people who are potentially danguours to others but not concerned by their own actions |
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What is a mental disorder |
Any behaviour or emotional state that: -causes great suffering -is self destructive -seriously impairs ability to work or get along -endangers others or community |
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Demonological view of mental disorders |
Abnormal behaviour=result of supernatural forces -possessed -ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews |
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Treatment in demonological veiw |
Trephination -hole in the skull Medieval Europe -diagnostic test (bound arms of women, if they sank pure, if floated a witch) |
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What were the early biological views of mental illness |
Mental illness are diseases like physical illness that effects the brain (5th century bc) |
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The breakthrough (1800) |
-General paresis (characterized stages by mental deterioration and odd behaviour) (result of syphilis which causes massive brain deterioration) -psychological disorders can be linked to physical causes |
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What is the current biological perspective |
Emphasis on physiological and psychological |
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Historical psychoanalytic perspective |
-inappropriate use of defence mechanisms= neurosis -withdrawal from reality= psychoses |
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Historical behavioural perspective |
Learned responses |
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Historical cognitive perspective |
Through prosses (maladaptive and self defeating though patterns) |
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Historical humanistic perspective |
- result of environmental factors that prevent self actualization tendencies - negative self concept |
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The vulnerability stress model |
Vulnerability= predisposition to disorders (Biological basis like personally,cultural factors) -predisposition (creates disorder only when person is subject to a stressor) -stressor (recent or current event that requires person to cope) |
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What is the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) |
Goal is to be descriptive and to provide clear diagnostic categories -list symptoms, onset, ptedisopsing factors, course of disorder, prevalence, sex ration and cultural issues in diagnosis |
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What are the 3 important pieces of info the DSM 5 provides |
- set of symptoms and number of symbols that must be ment to have disorder - the etiology (origins or causes) -prediction of how symptoms will persist or change over time |
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DSM5 replaced DSM4 multiracial system with a non axial system |
-based on initial evaluation of primary clinical problem -incorporates other relevant aspects of persons mental condition to provide treatment focus -environmental and social issues that made conduction worse coded in the system -uses specifiers that describe aspects of the problem such as severity and frequency |
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What are the 4 problems with the DSM |
1) the danger of over diagnosis 2) the power of diagnostic labels (to easy to accept label as description of the individual) 3) confusion of serious mental disorders which normal problems (every addition seems to add everyday problems to it) 4) the illusion of objectivity and universality (added not bases on empirical evidence, scientific when subjective) |
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What is the advantage of DSM |
When used right and diagnoses are made with valid objective tests It can improve the reliability of agreement amount clinicians (Able to distinguish amount disorders) |
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How is diagnosis made |
-interviews -behavioural observations -psychological test (projective and objective) |
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What are projective tests |
Used to infer a person's motives, conflicts and unconscious dynamics on the person's interpretation of ambiguous stimuli -unconscious thoughts will reveal in responses -low reliability and validity Ex- inkblot test |
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What are objective tests |
Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written reposes -more reliable and valid -mmpi or mmpi-2 |
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What is mmpi |
Used to assess personality disorders - Good validity -norms based on samples that has an under representation of elderly, poor, minorities, poorly educated - high rates or false positives |
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What is a personality disorder |
Unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself it others and resistant to change Not causes by -medical conditions -stress -sistusations that temporarily change behaviour |
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2 clusters of personality disorders |
Cluster A disorders -odd or eccentric (Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal) Cluster B disorders -dramatic, emotional and erratic behaviour (Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic) Cluster C disorders -anxious, fearful and inhibited behaviour (Avoidant, dependent, obsessive) No otherwise specified -exhibit patterns of heviour consistent with that of a personaly disorder but does not fit into any of the categories |
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What is narcissistic personality disorder |
An exaggerated sence of self importance and self absorption -demand constant attention |
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What is paranoid personality disorder |
Pervasive, unfounded deliciousness and mistrust of others, irrational jealousy, assertiveness and doubt about the loyalty of others -Have delusions about be persecuted |
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What is borserline personality disorder |
Intense but unstablr relationships, fear of abandonment by others, an unrealistic self image and emotional volatility -tend to be impulsive and self destructive |
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What is psychopathy |
Personally disorder characterized by: -lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety - the use of deceit and manipulation -impulsive thrill seeking (Can be very charming) |
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Antisocial personality disorder |
Replaced psychopathy -chaterized by a life long pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as violence, reckless acts (3% of all males and 1%of all females) Have various capacities for remorse, guility, anxiety , empathy, loyalty |
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DSM criteria for APD |
3 of them since childhood 1) repeatedly break the law 2) deceitful, uses aliases and lies 3) impulsive and unable to plan ahead 4) get into physical fights or assaults 5)reckless disregard for own or others safety 6) irresponsible 7) lack remorse for actions that harm others |
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What are the causes of APD |
-abnormalities in central nervous system -genetic influences -impaired frontal-lobe functioning -environmental events (Slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain or shock that indicate normal anxiety) |
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What environmental factors are linked to APD |
-poor nutrition as child -early separation from mother -brain damage due to abuse form parents |
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What is dissociative disorder |
Chaterized by a feeling a split between conscious awareness from feeling cognitive, memory and identity -major dissociation of personality identity or memory Dissociative identity disorder -a sense of separation between you and your surroundings |
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What is a dissiciative fugue |
A persiof of profound autobiographical memory loss -many develop new identity in a new location with no recollection of past |
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What is depersonalizatiom disorder |
Strong sence of the surreal, the feeling one is not connected to ones body |
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What is dissociative amnesia |
A loss of memory, usually for a specific stressful event when no biological causes for amnesia are present |
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What is multiple personality disorder |
Person experiences a split in identity suxj that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other -each have own name and traits |
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What is trauma dissociation theory |
Dissociative indenty disorders truly from servere traumatic experience -many during early childhood |
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What are the 2 views of MPD |
1) is common but often unrecognized or misdiagnosed (starts in childhood as a means of coping) 2) created through pressure and suggestions by clinicians either intentionally or unintentionally (disorder is being over diagnosed) |
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What is the social-cognitive explanation for DID |
Extreme form of our ability to present many aspects of our personalities to others -socially acceptable way for some to make sense if their problems |
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What is anxiety |
A general state of apprehension or psychological tension |
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What are anxiety disorders |
Disorders involving fear of nervousness that is excessive, irrational and maladaptive |
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What is chronic anxiety |
Long lasting feelings of doom and apprehension |
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What are phobias |
Excessive fears of specific situations/things |
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What is a panic attack |
short lasting but intense levels of anxiety |
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What is OCD |
Repeated thoughts and rituals to ward off anxiety |
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What are the components of anxiety responses |
Subjective emotional (feeling of tension) Physiological (increased heart rate) Cognitive (worry) Behavioural (avoidance of feared situations) |
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What are the 3 classifications of anxiety |
1) anxiety disorders -generalized, panic, fears/phobias 2) observe compulsive and related disorders 3) trauma and stressor related disorders -PTSD |
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What us generalizee anxiety disorder |
High levels of anxiety generally from normal challenges and stresses of everyday life Continuous state of anxiety marked by feeling of worry and dread, difficulties in concentration and signs of motor tension (Majortiy of days for 6 months) -restlessness, irritability, sleep disturbances, concentrating |
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What are panic disorders (attacks) |
Person experiences recurring panic attacks, periods of intense fear accompanied by physiological symptoms like rapid breathing and dizziness (extreme anxiety that include rush of physical activity) -restrict lives to avoid more |
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Fears and phobias |
Unrealistic fear of a specific object or situation - can intensify or go away over time -impairment is based on how often |
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What is agoraphobia |
Set of phobias often set off by a panic attack that seems to have no cause -fear of open/ public places -fear of fear |
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What are social phobias |
Fear of certain situsations in which might be embarrassed or evaluated |
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What is social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |
Very strong fear of being judged by others or being embarrassed or humiliated in public |
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What are specific phobias |
Involve an intense fear of an object, activity or organism |
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What is OCD |
Individuals plagued by unwanted, inappropriate and persistent thoughts (obsessions) and engages in repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) Obsessions=cognitive component Compulsions= behavioural component |
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What is PTSD |
Trauma and stress related disorders where people have experienced a traumatic event and now experience psychic numbing, reliving trauma and increased physiological arousal |
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What are the major symptoms that suggest PTSD |
1) increased physiological arousal displayed by insomnia, irrability or bad concentration 2) reliving trauma (flashbacks/ dreams) 3) numb to the world, aviof stimuli that remind then of trauma, detach from others, loss of interest in activities |
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Why do we have anxiety disorders |
1) reduced levels if serotonin in prefrontal cortex 2) hyperactivity in various part of the brain (brain keeps sending alarm signals) |
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What were most disorders separated into |
-depressive disorders -bipolar and related disorders |
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What is major depression (mood disorders) |
Periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal and sluggishness (Disturbances in emotion, behaviour, cognition and body function) |
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What are symptoms of depression |
-depressed mood -reduced interest in activities -weight gain or loss -sleep disturbances -change in motor activity -loss of energy -feelings or worthlessness or guilt -reduced ability to think/concentrate -thoughts of death |
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Symptom categories of depression |
1) emotional (negative mood state) 2) cognitive (diffudclity making decisions, feelings of failure) 3) motivational (loss of interest and drive) 4) somatic (loss of appetite, sleep, sexual desire) |
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Rates of depression |
Women twice as likely (men under diagnosed) -age 65 rates drop in both sexes |
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What are bipolar disorders |
Mood disorders with episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) -extreme highs and lows in Mood, motivation and energy |
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What is manic state in bipolar disorders |
-excited mood -euphoric Mood -rapid speech -don't recognize consequences of actions if act upon grandiose ideas |
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What are the 3 major patter s after depressive episodes |
1) no recurrence (half cases) 2) recovery with recurrence (many cases, symptoms free for 3 years) 3) no recovery (most cases) Manic episodes (90% recurrence) |
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What are the 4 contributing factors of major depression |
- genetic factors (67% in twin study) -life experiences and circumstances -losses of important relationships - cognitive habits |
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Why are women more susceptible to depression |
-less satifying work and family lives -more Likly to live in poverty -lower status then men |
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What us rumination in depression |
-involves brooding about negative aspects of life, persuading yourslef that no one does or will love you (Cognitive habit) |
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What is depressive attributional patterns |
Success= factors outside self Negative outcomes= personal factors |
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What are the 3 events of depressive explanatory style |
Internalizing (my fault) Stabilizing (things will never change) Globalizing (applies to everything) |
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Vulnerability stress model and depression |
Approach emphasizes how individuals vulnerabilities interact with external stress is to produce mental disorders (Evplains y not everyone is equally vulnerable to depression) |
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What is schizophrenia |
Psychotic disorder -Causes people to experience significant breaks from reality, lack of integration of thoughts and emotion and problems with attention and memory -delusions, halluctionations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behaviour, cognitive impairment (Mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behaviour) |
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Rates or schizophrenia |
Appears in late adolescence or early adult -equal # of men and women (men earlier) 1-2% of population 10% permanently impared 65% intermittent periods of normal functioning 25% rcovor |
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Schizophrenia |
Split mind -words split from meaning -perceptions from reality -actions from motives |
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What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia |
1) prodromal phase (withdraw from friends, family, life, lose of interest, confused, time alone) 2) active phase (delusional thoughts, disorganized patterns of thought, actions, behaviour) 3)residual phase (predominant symptoms lessens, may be withdrawn, trouble concentrating, lack motivation) |
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What are the symptoms of schizophrenia |
1) halluctiinations and hightened sensory awareness (sensory experience that occur in absence of actual stimulation) 2) bizarre delusions (false beliefs) 3) disorganized, incoherent speech 4) innapropriate/ disorganized behaviours (violent agitation, wearing many layers on warm day) 5) impared cognitive abilities (perform poorer in almost every cognitive domain) |
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What are the negative symptoms that can come before others |
1) loss of motivation 2) emotional flatness (facial) 3) social withdrawal |
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What are the subtypes of schizophrenia on the DSM IV |
Paranoid (delusions of persecution) Disorganized (confusion, incoherence, unable to function on own) Catatonic (severe motor disturbances) Undifferentiated (not early classified as one above) |
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Schizophrenia types |
1) predominance of positive symptoms -represent pathological extremes of normal processes -better prognosis for recovery, history of good functioning 2) predominance of negative symptoms -absence of normal reactions -poor recovery, history of poor functioning |
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What are the origins of schizophrenia |
- genetic predispositions (decreased brain weight, large ventricle) -structural brain abnormalities -neurotransmitter abnormalities -prenatal problems or birth complications -adolescent abnormalities in brain development |
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What is the pathway of development of schizophrenia |
- genetic predispositions -interact with birth complications -oven in adolescence trigger (over pruning, life stressors) |
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What are the barriers of psychological treatment |
-2/3 with mental issues don't seem help -stigma about mental illness -gender roles (men less likely) -expense and availability |
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What us the goal of treatment |
-help change maladaptive thoughts, feelings, behaviours -lead more productive hand happier life |
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Who provide treatment |
Psychologists Psychiatrists Psychiatric social workers Marriage and family counsellors Pastoral counsellors Abuse counsellors Psychiatric nurses |
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What are clinical psychologists (Mental health providers) |
Obtained a PHD -formally diagnose and treat issues ranging from everyday and mild to chronic and severe |
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What are counselling psychologists (Mental health providers) |
Who work with people who need help with common problems like stress and coping (identity, sexuality, relationships) |
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What are psychiatrists (Mental health provider) |
Medical doctors who are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medications |
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What is the scientist partitioned gap |
Scientists find that therapists that don't keep up with empirical findings are less effective -some psychotherapist believe that evaluation theory using research methods is futile |
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Wjat are empirically supported treatments |
Evidence based thrrapies -treatments that have been tested and evaluates using sound research designs |
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What is therapeutic alliance |
Bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client -allows them to work together to solve problem |
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What are the qualities if a client and therapist that promotes doing well in therapy |
Client -motivation to improve -support from families -activity deal with problems -more willing to trust therapist Therapist -empathetic -warm -genuine |
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What are the common ingredients in successful therapies |
-there us a bond between therapist and client -participants want to be helped -therapists distinguish normal cultural patterns from individuals psychological problems |
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What causes therapy harm |
-unethical behaviour -prejudice from therapist -inappropriate or coercive influence (client produce symptoms) -use of empirically unsupported techniques (Clients suggestibility) w |
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What are biological treatments |
Emphasize biological factors -designed to alter brain functioning (Drugs, electroconvulsive theory, psychosurgery) - Drug theories -direct brain intervention |
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What is psychopharmacology and psychopharmacotherapy |
psychopharmacology Study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behaviour psychopharmacotherapy Refers to the use of drugs to manage or reduce clients symptoms |
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What are psychotopic drugs |
Medications designrd to alter psychological funtioning -cross blood brain barrier yo affect neurotransmitters |
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What is the blood brain barrier |
Network of tightly packed cells that only allow specific types if substance to move from bloodstream to the brain -protect brain cells against harmful infections |
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What are the main classes of drugs to treat emotional and mental disorders |
1) anti-anxiety drugs/ tranquilizers 2) antidepressant drugs 3) antipsychotic drugs 4) lithium carbonate (mood stabilizer) |
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What are anti anxiety drugs |
-affect activity of GABA and inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity (Slow down excitatory synaptic activity) -used for mood and panic disorders -dependence -anxiety returned after off -fatigue -development of tolerance (Valium, Xanax, Buspitone) |
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What are antidepressants |
Target areas of brain that are rich of monoamine neurotransmitters -treated depression, anxiety, phobias, OCD - no addictive - dry mouth -constipation -head aches -nausea -restlessness |
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What are the 3 classes of antidepressants |
1) tricyclics (increase activity of norepinephrine, serotonin) 2) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) (increase activity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) 3) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (block reuptake of serotonin 4) herbal methods (St John wort) (influence several neurotransmitter systems, reduces epinephrine impact) |
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What are antipsychotic |
-neuroleptics -used for schizophrenia -decrease action of dopamine -cab cause tardive dyskinesia (movement disorder) |
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What are atypical antipsychotics |
Second generation antipsychotic -less likely to cause side effects like movement disorders |
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What is lithium carbonate |
Drugs used to prevent and reduce the severity of mood swings -used for bipolar disorder Short term effects (tremors) Long term effects (kidney damage) (Must be given right does and bloodstream levels monitored) |
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What are the cautions about drug treatments |
-placebo effect - High relapse and dropout rates -dosage problems (therapeutic window) (people respond different) -disregarded for effective non medical treatments (Drugs popular cause advertisement -unknown long term risks -untested off label uses (once approved, can be given and used to others not originally tested for) |
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Direct brain intervention |
Electriconculsive theory Psychosurgery Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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What is Electroconvulsive theory |
Used to treat sever depression -used in cases of prolonged and severe major depression where a brief brain seizure is induced -doesn't help schizophrenia or anxiety disorders (Short lasting effects) |
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What is the procedure for ECT |
-patient given sedative and musle relaxant -placed on padded mattress -electrodes attached to scalp -such less then 1 second, causing seizure of CNS |
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Criticisms of ECT |
- High relapse -permanent memory loss if improperly -permanent brain damage if used improperly |
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What is psychosurgery |
Surgical procedure thst destroys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved on emotional disorders or destructive behaviour |
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What are focal lesions and cingulotomy |
Focal lesions -small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed Cingulotomy -cut figured that connect fro talk lobes and limbic system (severe depression and OCD) |
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What is transcranial magnetic stimulation |
Use pulsing magnetic coil held to a person's skull over left prefrontal cortex -less active area in depression -help schizophrenia |
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What is deep brain stimulation |
Technique that involed electrically stimulation specific regions of the brain -internal bleeding - behavioural side effects |
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What are the different kinds of psychotherapy |
Insight therapies -psychodynamic -humanistic -existential Behavioural theory Cognitive theory Group theory Family and couples theory |
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What is pdychoanalysis |
Method of psychotherapy developed by frued -emphasizes the exploration of unconscious motives and conflicts through free association to memories and dreams to gain insight |
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What are insight therapies |
Refers to psychotherapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purpose of gaining awareness and understanding of problems and conflicts |
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What is psychodynamic theories |
Form of insight theory -empahsizes the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts |
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What is psychoanalysis |
Insight therapy developed by frued -precursor to psychodynamic -frued believed we tried a sexual and aggressive implies as we fight, intimidating or humiliating moments Help patients achieve insight |
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What are the technuques for psychanalysis |
1) free assiciation (client talks or write without censoring their thoughts) 2) dream interpretation (examining details of dream to get insight into true meaning, symbolically) 3) resistance (Clients engage in strategies that keep information from fully manifesting in couscious) |
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What is transference in psychodynamic theory |
Client transfers unconscious emotions and reactions onto the therapist (Brings out repressed feelings) 2 types Positive (transfer feelings of affection and dependency) Negative (irrational expressions of anger, disappointment) |
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What is brief psychodynamic theories |
Focus in understanding maladaptive past influences and relating them to current self defeating behaviour |
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What is phenomenological approach |
Therapist addresses clients subjective feelings and thoughts that they unfold in the moment rather than looking at uncousious motive in past |
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Look at |
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What is humanist therapy |
Emphasizes people free Will go change -bases of assumptions that people seek self actualization and self fulfillment -conscious control of behaviour -present and future |
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What is client centered therapy (humanistic) |
-carl Rogers -focus on individuals ability to solve their problems and reduce full potential with the encouragement of therapist |
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Client centered what are the 3 key characteristics of a therapist |
Unconditional positive regard (no judgment) Empathy (veiw through clients eyes) Genuineness |
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What is existential theory |
Clients explore the meaing if existence and face with courage the issues of life like death -goal (To help clients cope with realities of life and death and meaning) Fist step (taking responsibility for life situations) |
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Behaviour and cognitive theory |
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What is behaviour theory |
Address problem behaviours and thoughts and the environmental factors that trigger them (Classical and operant conditioning) |
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What is systematic desensitization (counterconditioning) (CC) |
Step by step process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience Steps -train muscle relaxation skills -stimulus hierarchy construction -desensitization session |
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Systematics desensitization (Classical conditiong) |
In vivo desensitization (controlled exposure to real life stuations) |
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Exposure, flooding, implosion (CC) |
Exposure Treat phobias through exposure to feared CS in the absence US Flooding - people are taken directly into the feared situation until experts stops Implosion -imagine science involving stimuli |
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What is graduated exposure (CC) |
Person with phobia is gradually taken into feared situation or exposed to traumatic memory until anxiety subsides |
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What is virtual reality exposure |
Treatment that uses graphical displays to create an experience in which the client seems to be immersed in an actual environment -PTSD - |
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What is aversion therapy (CC) |
Behavioural technique that involved replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response -stimulus attractive to person (CS) paired with an noxious UC |
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What is behavioural self monitoring (OC) |
Method of keeping careful data on the frequency and consequences of the behaviour to be changed |
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What is behaviour modification (OP) |
Increase or reduce a specific behaviour -focuses in externally observable behaviour |
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What us token economic (OC) |
Positive reinforcement - token given for desirable behaviour -tolkien exchanged for tangible reinforces (Achive behaviour with tangible reinforces until become reinforced with social riendfocers |
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Modeling and role playing (behavioural therapies) |
Skill training -teach client skills they lack as well as new .ore constructive behaviour to reduce self defeating ones (use modeling and role playing to do so) |
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What is cognitive theory |
Designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways it thinking to reduce negative emotions and their behavioural consequences -beck and Ellis - |
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What do therapists try to get clients to do in cognitive |
-identify beliefs that underline their problems and conflicts -examine the evidence for their beliefs -Consider other explanations for the behaviour of others -identify assumptions and biases |
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What is Becks cognitive theory |
-avoids direct challenges to clients beliefs -Encourages clients to test their - beliefs against others (Points out errors of thinking) -major contribution for depression |
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What us Ellis rational emotive behaviour theory |
-Activating event that triggers emotion -belief system that underlines the way a person appraises the event -consequences of the appraisal -disputing or challengesjng maladaptive emotions and behaviours |
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What is cognitive behavioural therapies |
Consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation teaming and exposing people to experiences that may be a tendency to avoid |
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What us cognitive restructuring |
Happens as clients beliefs and interpretations about events are shifted or restructured so they can be viewed from a more rational and less emotional perspective |
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Cognitive behaviour therapies |
Internal attribution (blaming himself excessively for negative things that happen) Stable attribution (coming to see the situation as a permanent and irreversible) Global events (rather than seeing it as 1 negative event, applies to all events) |
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What are the 3 stages of stress inoculation (cognitive behaviour) |
1) education phase (taught the nature and identify situations that cause anxiety) 2) rehearsal phase (taught to manage anxiety) 3) implementation phase (deal with anxiety provoking stimuli in real world) |
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What is mindfulness based cognitive theory |
Combining mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy tools |
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What us group and family therapies |
Therapists are trajbrd to implement group techniques adapted from the major types of therapy -involves working with couples, families to identify the change patterns that perpetuate problems |
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What us family system perspective |
Approach to doing therapy with families by examining how each member forms part of a larger interacting system -behaviour change Can upset members |
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What is integrative Approach |
Willingness to combine treatments Willingness to use whatever therapy may be most appropriate for particular clients |
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What do behavioural therapies effective in |
-symptoms of anxiety disorders -skill training -decreasing targeted problmentic behaviours |
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What has cognitive- behavioural theory effective in |
Treating depression Treating anxiety, obesity, eating disorders |
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