Criminology Test 3 Semester 1 Year 2

Front 1

While has the most leisure time

Back 1

-involves the choice of certain activities

-teenagers and elderly

Front 2

What are the precursors for leisure activities

Back 2

1) motivate offenders or free them from constraints

2) facilitate encounters between offenders and victims

Front 3

Leisure as a corruptor

Back 3

Leisure activities may motivate offences (t.v, movie, comic books, rap music, cartoons, news)

Front 4

Is there a link between tv and violent behavior

Back 4

May very with

-personal background

-type of show

-length of show

-length of effect

-setting of viewing

-setting of research

Front 5

What effects do gender, age, programtype and type of anti social behaviour have on the tv and violent crime link

Back 5

Gender (doe not modify the effect)

Age( younger viewers are more susceptible)

Programtype (not effect are violten erotica and erotica)

Type of anti social behavior (aggressive behaviour and minor agreeive behaviour rather than illegal activities)

Front 6

What did Yin et al. Study

Back 6

Studied 2651 Mexican American adolescents and classified adolescent activities into 5 categories

-found that unsupervised socialization with friends increases delinquency

-organized leisure reduced delinquency

(Shows how, where and who they spend their leisure time with effects behaviour)

Front 7

What are the 5 categories of adolescent activities

Back 7

1) unsupervised socialization with friends

2) organized recreational activities

3) organized sport

4) activities at home

5) self directed leisure activities

Front 8

The effects of social control on leisure

Back 8

Delinquency happens more when time is spent doing activities outside the home or without supervision

-spending time with parents increases conformity

Front 9

What do personal victimization happen the most?

Back 9

-during evening

-on weekends

-leisure settings (drinking, partying, cruising)

-activities outside the home

Front 10

Outdoors and victimization stated by the general social survey (2009)

Back 10

Those who have 30 or more actives outside the home in evenings are 4 more times as likely to be victimized than those who had less than 10 evening activities

-21 activies is quadrupled

Front 11

Do crimes happen more often on weekends

Back 11

Violent incidents happen most often in Saturdays and least on mondays

Property incidents increase on mondays and fridays and decrease on sunday saturdays

Front 12

What are the peek hours for violent incidents

Back 12

6:00pm to 9:00 PM

(Prime time for tv and crime)

Front 13

What crimes happen led often on Sunday's

Back 13

Assualt (10%)

Sexual assault (10%)

Robbery (12%)

Theft under $5000 (10%)

Drug possession (7%)

Front 14

How are residences the most haza locations

Back 14

56.2% homicides

60.4% sexual assaults

48.7% assault

66.9% break and enters

(Happen in residential areas)

-we must crime proof our homes

Front 15

What is the routine activity theory (Cohen and felson)

Back 15

Criminal events happen when....

1) there is a motivated offender

2) a suitable target

3) an absence of effective guardianship

(Explains why crime is more likely to happen in certain locations or times and as well to certain types of people)

Front 16

Alcohol consumption and crime

Back 16

-Both young and old drinks are 1.5 more times to be victimized

-importance of alcohol in violence victimization has increased over the years

Front 17

The role of alcohol in native homicides

Back 17

Her percentages of alcohol related homicides for aboriginals than no aboriginals

(Reducing alcohol use may help to reduce homicide incidenct for aboriginals)

Front 18

How does alcohol and drugs effect homicide

Back 18

75% of accused and 62% of victims of homicide consumed alcohol or drugs during homicide

-young offenders (92%)

-yound victims (81%)

Front 19

Consequences of legalizing marijuana

Back 19

Frequent cannabis use causes

-sexual assault victimization increase (8 times)

-pysical assault victimization increase (6 times)

-personal property theft (3 times)

Front 20

How does the general social survey (GSS) define cyber bullying

Back 20

Had ever previously received threatening or aggressive messages, been the target of hate comments spread through emails, instant messager, or postings on internet sites or threatening emails sent using victims identity

Front 21

Who is more likely to be cyber bullied

Back 21

-young person 15-24

- single persons are 4 times more likely

-low income individuals

-being a student

-using drugs

-men are more likely to be bullied by strangers

-women more likely to be bullied by people they know

Front 22

Children and cyber bullying

Back 22

1 in 5 causes were bullied by strangers

-classmates (40%)

-friends/ acquaintances (31%)

Front 23

What are the preconditions for family violence

Back 23

1) family life gives social setting for omnipresent conflict

2) family life is private life (secret deviance)

3) cultural attitudes towards family violence are highly ambivalent

4) the family is a hierarchical institution

Front 24

Women victimization

Back 24

-spousal violence 80-90%

-family related assaults 77%

-assaults between spouses 90%

-assaults between exs 80%

-assaults between other relatives 55%

Front 25

Children victimization

Back 25

- killed by parents 2/3

-10% killed by step or foster

-11% killed by strangers

Front 26

What are the possible factors of domestic violence

Back 26

Isolation

Economic stress

Strains

Front 27

Income effects on violence

Back 27

Lower income men are more likely to assault their wives

-men with income lower than 15,000 are twice as likely to assault their wives

Front 28

Education effects on assults

Back 28

Men with less than a high school education are twice as likely to assault their wives

Front 29

Age effects on assult

Back 29

Women 18-34 are 6 times more likely to be victims of assult

-couoles among age 30 are 3 more times likely to have abuse happen

Front 30

In 2017 what age group experience the most intimate partner violence

Back 30

25-34

Later marriages has shifted it from 15-24

Front 31

Percentages of child abuse

Back 31

90% of parents have hit their child

12% of mothers

15% fathers

6 out of 10 are children under 18

1 in 4 are under 12

Front 32

UCR studay 1988-1990

Back 32

40% of those accused for committing crimes against children where parents

24% is sexual assaults of children where from parents

17% of sexual assaults were committed by other family members

Front 33

Homicide of children percentages

Back 33

Mother (46% under 2) (29% 2-13)

Father (34% under 2) (25% 2-13)

Family members (86% under 2) (68% 2-13)

Front 34

What were the earliest classical criminologist

Back 34

Were late 18th century thinkers concerned with humanizing the highly arbitrary and harsh systems of criminal punishment

Front 35

What did Beccaria and Bentham believe (classical school)

Back 35

Bother emphasized the deterrent effect of punishment on potential criminals

Front 36

What is the idea behind the deterrent effect (classical school)

Back 36

If A rational person knows a painful punishment will follow the commission of a crime they will not commit it

(Capacity to make rational choices)

Front 37

What did this classical think lead to

Back 37

Created categorical systems where each crime had its punishment (punishment fit crime)

-still used today

-idea that we can make rational choices still influences criminology

Front 38

What did neo classical criminologist believe

Back 38

1)That most people have the free will to act

But some people dont have the ability to choose between right and wrong

-mentally I'll, retarded, young may not have the free will to choose

2) people may not have the intent to act

3) supported legal defences

Front 39

Who was Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Back 39

-italian criminologist and economist

-essay on crimes and punishment (1764/1963) was most influential treatises on criminal justice

-weote on economics, anticipating some ideas of Adam Smith and Thomas malthus

-severed as a public official in Milan

Front 40

What did Cesare Beccaria believe

Back 40

Punishments should not exceed what was necessary to keep public order( severity should match seriousness of crime)

-opposer capital punishment, torture or secret proceedings

Front 41

Who was Jeremy Bentham (1784-1832)

Back 41

-English reformer

-took up Beccaria's ideas (they influenced penal laws for European countries)

Front 42

What was the bloody code

Back 42

English stipulated over 200 capital offences (offences punishable by death)

-testiminies from the lower class were obtained by torture

Front 43

What is celerity

Back 43

Refers to the speed of imposing penalty once a person is convicted

-crime should be swifity dealt with

-a person who is accused should entitle benefit of a fast trial

-no imprison without opportunity to defend themselves

-punihsment shouldn't be delayed

Front 44

What is certainty

Back 44

Applying punishment despite ones social class

-should be subject to punishments as prescribed by law

Front 45

What does beccaria believe drives people

Back 45

The pleasure principle (hedonism)

-people have free will to make own choices

-some choices give the actor pleasure while others have the opposite consequences

-those who are afraid of legal punishment may avoid it by refraining from criminal behaviour

Front 46

What are the problems with these beliefs

Back 46

1)

Certainty and celebrity are difficult to achieve

Front 47

2

Back 47

Severity of punishment may be subjective (may seem severe to one person but not to another)

Front 48

3

Back 48

It assumes an amoral person

-people may not commit crime even though there is no punishment for it

Front 49

4)

Back 49

It assumes free will

-peoples behaviour are determined by many social factors

Front 50

What did Philip Zimbardo study

Back 50

He put an oldsmobile on the street as it had been abandoned and recorded what happened to it

-lesd than 3 days it was reduced to useless hulk

-23 incdiencts of theft and vandalism

-we all commit crime

Front 51

What does positivism focus on

Back 51

The criminal (rather than the crime)

On factors that determine a person criminality (propensity to commit crime)

Front 52

Positivist view

Back 52

-Motivation if crime is not fixed

-It is determined by psychologcia, biological and sociological factors (factors beyond individuals control cause crime)

-punishments have to deal with individual needs to correct the factors that cause crime

-rehabilitation

Front 53

What did lambroso study

Back 53

Examined the anatomy of notorious criminals and discov that their skeletal characteristics were close to inferior animals

-developed the theory of atavism

-used Darwins ideas of evolution for criminal behaviour

Front 54

What is atavism

Back 54

Born criminals who show atavistic drawbacks, who are closer in the evolutionary ladder to apes and retain many primal instincts

Front 55

What are the 3 types of criminals

Back 55

1) born criminals (atavistic)

2) criminaloid

3) criminals of sickness or uncontrolled passion

Front 56

What is criminaloid

Back 56

People who occasionally commit crime, quite random without any particular reason

Front 57

What is phrenology

Back 57

Identify criminals by their appearance

Front 58

Characteristics of criminals

Back 58

- dark thick hair

-flat or low forehead

-bushy eyebrows

-long ears

-recedjng chin

-long arms and short legs

-sloping shoulders

-left handed

Front 59

Characteristics of sex offenders

Back 59

-swollen eyelids and lips

-humpbacked

Front 60

What did Charles goring do

Back 60

Studied the mental and social characteristics of convitd compared to noncriminal men

-also tested lombroso's idea of physical characteristics

Front 61

What did charles find

Back 61

Compared convicts with hospitals patients, college students and soldiers

-college students were much different from convicts

-no pattern of physical defect among convicts

Front 62

What was gorings idea if hereditary

Back 62

The tendency to commit crime could be passed on from generation to generation

-crimes is rotted in ti inadequacies of criminals (criminals are physically and socially inadequate)

Front 63

Studies of hereditary and crime

Back 63

Robert dugdale (studied jukes family)

Henry Goddard (studied children of a soldier in the American revolution)

Front 64

What did earnest hooton believe

Back 64

Supported lombroso

-studied sample of 10,000 male criminals and 4,000 non criminals

Front 65

What did earnest hooton conclude

Back 65

1) larger size of criminal the more serious the offence

2) body size predicts the form of offence (small= forgery, large= murder)

3) predict criminality by ethnicity (1=Italian and 9th= polish Australian

Front 66

What did William sheldon believe

Back 66

There is a relationship between body type and criminality

-3 basic boy type or somatotypes

Front 67

What are sheldon's 3 body types

Back 67

1) ectomorphs (thin, worry a lot, introverted)

2) mesomorphs (muscular, extroverted and agressive)

3) endomorphs ( soft and limp, easy going, extroverted)

Front 68

What are the implications of biological positivism

Back 68

-eugenics

-medical treatment

-classificaion of race, physiological characteristics

-chemotherapy

-imprisonment

Front 69

What are twin studies used for

Back 69

Determining biological and social factors for crime

-monozygotic twins( identical) 100% genes

-dizygotic twins (fraternal) 50% genes

(Biological factors play a big part)

Front 70

What did hutchings state about adoption studies

Back 70

Criminal involvement of the biological father tends to have greater influence on the adoptees criminal involvement than the adoptive fathers

Front 71

What is a super Male

Back 71

Has 1 x and 2 y chromosomes

-1,000 in general population

-1 in 100 to 1 in 50 in prison

-believer to be taller and more violent

-less intelligent leading to less education leading to crime

Front 72

Hitschi and hindelang view of IQ

Back 72

IQ > academic achievement > delinquency

Other view

IQ + school system = failure/success= delinquency

Front 73

Demonism

Back 73

Born evil

Demon possession view

Front 74

What is the incident based uniform crime reporting survey

Back 74

Collectd detailed information oncrimals incidents that have come to the attention of police services in canada

Front 75

What is the homicide survey

Back 75

Collects detailed information on all homicides that come to the attention of police services in Canada