Criminology 2 Chap 1-4

Front 1

It scientifically studies the causes of crime. The explanations for the crime are not simple, we live in a complex society and the causes of crime are as complex as the society itself.

Back 1

Criminology

Front 2

Attempts to explore the conditions leading to criminal behavior and the factors in the society that contribute to its continued existence.

Back 2

Criminologist

Front 3

Two things to be considered in the study of the Causes of Crime:

Back 3

Man and his Criminal behavior

Front 4

The 3 Principal divisions of Criminology:

Back 4

Criminal Etiology

Sociology of Law

Penology

Front 5

The Scientific analysis of the Causes of Crime.

Back 5

Criminal Etiology

Front 6

Scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal/criminal laws develop as a process of formal social control.

Back 6

Sociology of Law

Front 7

Concerned with the control and prevention of crime and treatment of offenders.

Back 7

Penology

Front 8

How Criminologist view crime?

Back 8

Conflict View

Consensus View

Interactionist View

Front 9

*The law is a tool of a ruling class

*Crime is a politically defined concept

*Real crimes is not outlawed

*The law is used to control the underclass

Back 9

Conflict View

Front 10

The law defines crime

The law reflects public opinion

Laws apply to all citizens equally

Back 10

Consensus View

Front 11

Crimes are illegal because society defines them that way.

The definition of crime evolves according to the moral standards of those in power.

Moral entrepreneurs define crime.

Back 11

Interactionist View

Front 12

A generic term used to describe a person who has been convicted by a final judgment on violation of the laws.

Back 12

Criminal

Front 13

A generic term used to describe violations of the RPC, Special Laws, City and Municipal Ordinances.

Back 13

Crime

Front 14

Violation of the RPC.

Back 14

Felony

Front 15

A violation punished by Special Laws.

Back 15

Offense

Front 16

Violation of City or Municipal Ordinances.

Back 16

Infraction

Front 17

"Study of the Causes"

from Aitia or Etio = Cause

Logia or Logy = Study

Back 17

Etiology

Front 18

The accepted standards of behavior of social groups.

Back 18

Social Norms

Front 19

A branch of philosophy that involves systemizing, defending and recommending concepts of Right and Wrong conduct.

Back 19

Ethics

Front 20

The human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested specially in Thought, Perception, Emotion, Will, Memory and Imagination.

Back 20

Human Mind

Front 21

A Voluntary or Involuntary attitude of a person in order to fit the society's idea of right and wrong.

Back 21

Human Behavior

Front 22

An intentional behavior that violates the criminal law. Beyond normal behavior, does not belong to the standard behavior of man.

Back 22

Criminal Behavior

Front 23

A plausible or socially acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.

Increases our understanding and explanations.

Back 23

Theory

Front 24

A reason for an action or condition.

Back 24

Cause

Front 25

Early General theories on the Causes of Crime:

Back 25

*Demonological / traditional - Pre-Scientific Theory

*Classical Criminology / Juristic Theory

*Neo-Classical

*Positivism / Realistic Theory

Front 26

"The oldest Theory in Criminology"

The earliest explanation of deviant behavior attributed crime to supernatural forces.

Back 26

Demonological / Traditional - Pre-Scientific Theory

Front 27

This theory maintains that, People choose all behavior, including criminal behavior; their choices are designed to bring them Pleasure and reduce Pain.

Criminal choices can be controlled by fear of Punishment.

Back 27

Classical Criminology / Juristic Theory

Front 28

They are the Proponents of Classical Criminology...

Back 28

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

Front 29

*Crime committed by a less responsible/rational being, less guided by reason are worthy to some reduction of Punishment.

*Children and lunatics should be exempted from criminal liability because they cannot anticipate the outcome of their actions.

*It considers Age,Gender, and Social Class of the offender.

*Introduction of Mitigating circumstances

Back 29

Neo-Classical

Front 30

Developed by: Dr. Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo

It believed that the cause of delinquency could be identified by applying scientific methods. they replaced punishment with individual treatment.

"Looks to internal and external influences on individuals as the primary causes of criminal behavior"

Back 30

Positivism / Realistic Theory

Front 31

Perspectives of Crime Causation:

Back 31

Classical Perspective

Biological Perspective

Psychological Perspective

Sociological Perspective

Front 32

Views that Crime is a product of situational forces;

Crime is a function of Free will and personal choice.

It emphasized that the purpose of Punishment is mainly to deter the occurrence of crime.

Back 32

Classical Perspective

Front 33

The 3 Principles of Punishment that became the trademark of Beccaria's classical detterence doctrine:

Back 33

Swift, Certain, Severe

Front 34

The Punishment must be___ to be effective. Means to occur suddenly/within a short period of time

Back 34

Swift

Front 35

People must know they will be punished for their illegal behavior;

That they cannot evade the strong arms of Law;

That no one may take as substitute for the punishment of the one who violated the law. (NO PROXY)

Back 35

Certain

Front 36

Punishment must be____ enough to outweigh the rewards of the illegal action.

Back 36

Severe

Front 37

Views that Crime is the product of Internal forces;

That crime is a function of Chemical, Neurological, Genetic, Personality, Intelligence, or Mental Traits.

Back 37

Biological Perspective

Front 38

Views that Criminal behavior was the product of "Unconscious" forces operating within a person's mind

Back 38

Psychological Perspective

Front 39

This perspective explains how a certain individual acquires criminal behavior; It describes how the agents of "Socialization" such as Family, Environment, Schools, Mass media, and peer groups contribute to the behavior of a specific individual.

Back 39

Sociological Perspective

Front 40

Known as the

"Holy three in Criminology"

Back 40

Dr. Cesare Lombroso

Enrico Ferri

Raffaele Garofalo

Front 41

Three General Theories of the Causes of Crime:

Back 41

Demonological / Satanic Theory

Classical Theory

Scientific view / Positivism

Front 42

Early Middle Ages (1200-1400)

School of thought: Traditional/Religious Approach

Proponents: Biblical Authorities

Back 42

Demonological / Satanic Theory

Front 43

Eighteenth Century / Enlightenment Period

School of Thought: Classical Criminology

Proponents: Cesare Beccaria (1738)

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1833)

Back 43

Classical Theory

Front 44

Nineteenth Century

School of thought: Positivism / Scientific

Founder: Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Back 44

Scientific View / Positivism

Front 45

The Oldest Theory in Criminology. Proponents of this theory teaches that God represents Good and Devil Represents Bad. It is believed that evil spirits or demons enters the human body to commit sins.

Back 45

Demonological Theory or Pre-Scientific Theory

Front 46

An ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by subjecting them to a painful, unpleasant, dangerous experience, the test was one of Life and Death, and the proof of innocence was survival. The accused were considered innocent if they scaped injury.

Back 46

Trial by Ordeal

Front 47

In Medieval Europe, like Trial by Combat, Trial by Ordeal was considered as?

Back 47

Judgment of God (latin: Judicium Dei)

Front 48

A procedure based on the premise that God would help the innocent by performing a miracle on his behalf. The practice has much earlier roots, attested to as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Urnammu

Back 48

Judgement of God (latin: Judicium Dei)

Front 49

This theory has roots in the theories of the 18th century, italian nobleman and economist, Cesare Beccaria, English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. This was a time in history when punishment for crime was Severe in the extreme, it explains that crime is a product of believes that benefits of commiting crimes are far greater.

Back 49

Classical Theory

Front 50

Human Behavior was a result of rational thought processes; people choose to act after weighing the cost and benefits, they believe that their actions will bring them an increase in pleasure and a reduction of Pain (Hedonism).

Back 50

Utilitarian Calculus by:

(jeremy Bentham)

Front 51

It's main principles:

- Crime is a Rational Choice

people will commit crime after comparing potential cost and benefits of such actions. most people fear Punishment, so the Certainty, Severity, and speed of Punishment will have an impact on the level of crime. (punishment needs to fit the crime), and individual differences of perpetrators shouldn't have an influence on the punishment

Back 51

Classical Theory

Front 52

People who are likely to commit crime, he maintained, lack inhibition against misconduct, value the excitement and thrills of breaking the law, have a low stake in conformity, and are willing to take greater chances than average persons. Wicked people exist, nothing avails except to set them apart from innocent people.

Back 52

Choice Theory by:

James Q. Wilson

Front 53

Arguments/Fucos:

-people choose all behavior including criminal behavior

-their choices are designed to bring them pleasure and reduce pain

-criminal choices can be controlled by fear of Punishment

-the more Severe, Certain, Swift the punishment, the greater its ability to control criminal behavior

Back 53

Classical theory

Front 54

This theory holds that crimes rates are influenced and controlled by the threat or application of criminal punishment. If people fear being apprehended and punished, they will not risk breaking the law.

Back 54

General Deterrence Theory

Front 55

This theory holds that after experiencing criminal sanctions that are swift, sure, and powerful, Known criminals will never dare to repeat their criminal acts.

Back 55

Specific Deterence /

Special or Particular Deterence

Front 56

According to him, choosing crime can help satisfy personal needs. For some people, shoplifting and Vandalism are attractive because getting away with crime is a thrilling demonstration of personal competence; he calls this "Sneaky thrills", killers behave like avenging gods of mythology, choosing to have Life-or-Death control of their victims.

Back 56

Seductions of Crime by: Jack Katz

Front 57

Offenders will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act.

Back 57

Offense-Specific

Front 58

Before commiting a crime, the individual must decide whether they have the prerequisites to commit a successful criminal act. Whether they have the Skills, money, financial alternatives, and resources.

Back 58

Offender-Specific

Front 59

It maintains the arguments of the classical theory with minor revision such as, Children and lunatics should be exempted from criminal liability, for children and lunatics cannot anticipate the outcome of their actions. It considers Age, Gender, and Social class of perpetrators

Back 59

Neo-Classical Theory

Front 60

He is the Representative of the Neo-Classical Theory. He published the book "Penal Philosophy" in 1890. He was a french sociologist and the founder Neo-Classical Criminology School. In his book, he criticizes the Classic and Positivist criminology and takes the best from both criminology

Back 60

Gabriel Tarde

Front 61

Children and lunatics should be exempted from criminal liability, Exemption for the mentally ill.

Back 61

Neo-Classical Theory

Proponents:

(Rossi, Garraud, Joly)

Front 62

He is considered the Founder of Sociology, he applied Scientific Methods to the study of society. According to him societies pass through stages that can be grouped on the basis of how people try to understand the world in which they live.

Back 62

Auguste Comte

Front 63

2 Evolution Perspectives of Crime Causation:

Back 63

-Primitive Societies

- Final Stage/ Positive stage

Front 64

During this stage, people consider inanimate objects as having Life, example: the sun is a god

Back 64

Primitive Societies

Front 65

During this stage, people embrace a Rational, Scientific view of the World

Back 65

Social stage/ Final stage/ Positive stage

Front 66

Auguste Comte called this Final stage the Positive stage , and those who followed his writings became known as??

Back 66

Positivist

Front 67

It must be used if research findings are to be considered valid. This involves such steps as Identifying problems, collecting data, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and Interpreting results

Back 67

Scientific Method

Front 68

Elements of Scientific Method:

Back 68

Observation

Hypothesis

Test Hypothesis

Interpretation

Conclusion

Front 69

Identifying problems and collect Data and Facts

Back 69

Observation

Front 70

Develop a reasonable explanation to account for, or predict the data observed, and the facts collected

Back 70

Hypothesis

Front 71

Using Control Groups and Experimental Methods

Back 71

Test Hypothesis

Front 72

Analyze data using accepted statistical techniques

Back 72

Interpretation

Front 73

Interpret data and verify or disprove the accuracy of Hypothesis

Back 73

Conclusion

Front 74

It pressumed that scientific study of criminal behavior should find the "Causes" of such behavior. They also believed that the causes of crime are beyond the control of the individual.

Back 74

Positivist Theory

Front 75

Theorist believed that criminal behavior results from complex interplay of Social and Biological factors. Which refers to the Genetic influence, those that are explained by heredity characteristics of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another. Captured in the phrase that some are "Born Criminal" with predisposition to crime.

Back 75

Biological Positivism

Front 76

Biological Theories of Crime Causation:

Back 76

-Biosocial Theory

-Evolutionary Theory (Charles Darwin)

-Criminal Anthropology (Cesare Lombroso)

Front 77

Rooted from Darwin's Theory of natural selection, which explains that existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution, these traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which had an effect on the human gene pool.

Back 77

Evolutionary Theory (Charles Darwin)

Front 78

-Believed that criminals are the throwbacks to a more primitive stages of human evolution and that the Criminal tendency is Inherited.

-In his view, criminals exhibits more physical and mental abnormalities than non-criminals, such as unusual skull sizes and asymmetrical facial structure.

Back 78

Criminal Anthropology (Cesare Lombroso)

Front 79

This theory viewed that both thought and behavior have Biological and Social bases. Biosocial Theorist believe that it is the iteraction between Predisposition and Environment that produces criminality. Children born into disadvantage environment often do not have social and family support, they need to overcome their handicaps. Lack of family support can have long term physical consequences.

Back 79

Biosocial Theory

Front 80

Classification of Criminals by Lombroso:

Back 80

Born Criminals

Criminal by Passion

Insane Criminals

Criminaloid

Occasional Criminal

Pseudo-criminals

Front 81

Are those who commit crime due to insignificant reasons, that pushed them to do at a given occasion

Back 81

Occasional Criminal

Front 82

Are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like fit of anger.

Back 82

Criminal by Passion

Front 83

those who kill in self-defense

Back 83

Pseudo-criminals

Front 84

There are born criminals according to Lombroso, the belief is that Criminal behavior is inherited.

Back 84

Born Criminals

Front 85

A person who commits crime due to less physical Stamina/ Self-control.

Back 85

Criminaloid

Front 86

Those who commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological disorders, they should be exempted from criminal liability.

Back 86

Insane Criminal

Front 87

It's basic idea:

- criminals are born not made

- this is an example of nature, not nurture

- Focused on biological and Psychological factors to explain criminal behavior.

Back 87

Positivist Theory

Front 88

He is an Italian Physician, and Psychiatrist, he studied Cadavers of executed criminals in an effort to determine scientifically whether criminals were physically any different from Non-criminals.

-he believed that people were born criminals and facial features of criminals included things like enormous jaws, and strong Canine Teeth.

Back 88

Dr Cesare Lombroso

Front 89

Theorist believed that criminal behavior results from a complex interplay of social and biological factors, which refers to the Genetic influence. Those explained by Heredity characteristics of a person acquired from birth transfered from one generation to another

Back 89

Biological Positivism

Front 90

Those who kill in Self-defense.

Back 90

Pseudo-Criminals

Front 91

There are born criminals according to lombroso, the belief is that criminal behavior is inherited.

Back 91

Born Criminals

Front 92

Those who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that pushed them to do at a given occasion.

Back 92

Occasional Criminal

Front 93

Are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like fit of anger.

Back 93

Criminal by Passion

Front 94

A person who commits crime due to less physical stamina / self-control.

Back 94

Criminaloid

Front 95

It is the study of Facial features of criminal to determine whether the shape of ears, nose and eyes and the distance between them were associated with antisocial behavior.

Back 95

Physiognomy

Front 96

The determination of character, personality, traits, and criminality on the bases of the shape of the Head, it posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities. A theory of Brain and Science of character reading, known as "the only true science of mind".

Back 96

Phrenology

Front 97

The founder of Phrenology:

Back 97

Franz Joseph Gall

Front 98

The father of Physiognomy:

Back 98

Giambattista della Porta

Front 99

The proponent of Physiognomy:

Back 99

Johann Kaspar Lavater

Front 100

This theory associates body physique to behavior and criminality.

Back 100

Somatotyping theory

Front 101

Three types of Physique by Ernst Kretschmer:

Back 101

Pyknic

Athletic

Asthenic

Front 102

Three types of Body physique by

William Sheldon:

Back 102

Endomorphic

Mesomorphic

Ectomorphic

Front 103

Those Medium to tall, strong, and muscular. Matcho*

Back 103

Athletic

Front 104

Those medium height, rounded figure, massive neck and broad face. Mataba*

Back 104

Pyknic

Front 105

Those lean, slightly built, and narrow shoulders.

Back 105

Asthenic

Front 106

Those Slim, thin, and fine boned, have a tendency towards a cerebrotonic personality (introverted, thoughtful, inhibited, sensitive)

Back 106

Ectomorphic

Front 107

Those with square and muscular body, have a tendency towards a Somotomic personality (active, dynamic, assertive, aggressive).

Back 107

Mesomorphic

Front 108

Those who are fat, rounded and soft, have a tendency towards a Viscerotonic personality (relaxed, comportable, extroverted)

Back 108

Endomorphic

Front 109

They are predisposed for murder and robbery?

Back 109

Tall-Slender Men

Front 110

Associated to Forgery?

Back 110

Tall-medium heavy men

Front 111

Associated to First degree Murder?

Back 111

Tall-heavy man

Front 112

Associated to Antisocial behaviors?

Back 112

Medium height-heavy

Front 113

Associated to Burglary and Larceny?

Back 113

Short-slender

Front 114

Associated for Arson?

Back 114

Short-medium heavy

Front 115

Associated for Sexual offenses?

Back 115

Short-heavy men

Front 116

Criminal traits and predisposition are inherited, the criminality of parents can predict the delinquency of their children. Referred to by Pseudonyms such as Jukes and Kalikaks. Finding evidence that criminal tendencies were based on genetics.

Back 116

Genetic theory

Front 117

He studied the jukes family, and published a book "The Jukes: A study in Crime, pauperism, Disease and Heredity.

Back 117

Richard L. Dugdale

Front 118

She is considered as the

"Mother of all Criminals"

Back 118

Margaret "ADA" Juke

Front 119

He studied the kalikaks family, and published a book entitled

"Kalilak family: A study in the Heredity of Feeblemindedness."

Back 119

Henry H. Goddard

Front 120

This theory claims that Crime, especially violence is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance or food allergies.

Back 120

Biochemical theory

Front 121

Excessively low levels of blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can cause the development of negative behavior, mental confusion, physical weakness, delirium and violence. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause hypoglycemia and increase aggressive behavior.

Back 121

Crime and Sugar

Front 122

Clinical trials found a relation between low cholesterol and aggressive behavior. low levels of cholesterol are associated with persons who have difficulties with internalization and social norms and have a tendency to be irresponsible.

Back 122

Cholesterol and Crime

Front 123

This theory states that low intake of vitamins and minerals can cause delinquent behavior.

Back 123

Vitamins and Crime

Front 124

It generally regards crime as a social phenomenon and look at a crime as a social problem, not an individual one.

Back 124

Sociological perspective

Front 125

Two Subfields of Sociological perspective:

Back 125

Social Structure Theories

Social Process Theories

Front 126

It attempts to explain how people become criminals, it focusses on criminal behavior as learned behavior.

Back 126

Social Process Theories

Front 127

It Examines in which situations or structures influence or relate to criminal behavior, example; Social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many of their residents into criminal behavior patterns.

Back 127

Social Structure Theories

Front 128

Social Structure Theories:

Back 128

Social Disorganization Theory-

(Clifford R. Shaw, and Henry D. Mckay)

Anomie Theory- (David Emile Durkheim)

Strain Theory- (Robert King Merton)

Differential Opportunity Theory-

(Richard A. Cloward, and Lloyd E. Ohlin)

Front 129

Social Structure Theories:

Back 129

Social Disorganization Theory-

(Clifford R. Shaw, and Henry D. Mckay)

Anomie Theory- (David Emile Durkheim)

Strain Theory- (Robert King Merton)

Differential Opportunity Theory-

(Richard A. Cloward, and Lloyd E. Ohlin)

Front 130

This theory Holds that, crime is a function of the conflict between the goals of people, and the means they can use to legally obtain them, consequently, they feel anger, frustration, and resentment, which is referred to STRAIN.

Back 130

Strain Theory (Robert King Merton)

Front 131

Behavioral patterns of individuals in response to means and ends:

Back 131

Conformity

Innovation

Ritualism

Retreatism

Rebellion

Front 132

This involves substituting an alternative set of goals and means for conventional ones.

Back 132

Rebellion

Front 133

Otherwise known as "Escapist mode" which reject both the goals and the means of the society

Back 133

Retreatism

Front 134

This is less concerned about accumulating wealth and instead gain pleasure from practicing traditional ceremonies regardless of wether they have a real purpose or goal.

Back 134

Ritualism

Front 135

This occurs when individuals accept the goals of society but rejects or is incapable of attaining them through legitimate means. this is the Mode of Adaption followed by law violators because the success of those criminal shows that innovative means work better and faster than conventional one.

Back 135

Innovation

Front 136

This occurs when individuals both embrace conventional social goals and also have the means at their disposal to attain them.

Back 136

Conformity

Front 137

Is a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms, and values that were previously common to the society, The concept thought of as 'Normlessness'

It stated that crimes are not only normal in the society but are necessary, Without crime there could be no evolution of Law.

Back 137

Anomie Theory (David Emile Durkheim)

Front 138

It derived from the greek word Nomos, which means without norms.

Back 138

Anomie

Front 139

Is one which rules of behavior (norms) have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis such as war or famine.

Back 139

Anomic Society

Front 140

This theory is a combination of Strain and Disorganization principles into a portrayal of a gang-sustaining criminal subculture, "People in all strata of society, share the same success,and goals, but that those in Lower-class have limited means of achieving them."

Back 140

Differential Opportunity Theory

(Richard A. Cloward, and Lloyd E. Ohlin)

Front 141

3 types of Gangs:

Back 141

Criminal Gang

Conflict Gang

Retreatist Gang

Front 142

This gangs are double failures, because they are unable to gain success through legitimate means, and unwilling to do so through illegal ones. They have tried crime or violence, but are either too weak, or scared to be accepted in criminal, or violent gangs.

Back 142

Retreatist Gang

Front 143

This Gangs exist in stable lower-class areas in which close connections among adolescent, young adult, and adult offenders create an environment for successful criminal enterprise such as joining gang.

Back 143

Criminal Gang

Front 144

This gang thrive in highly disorganized areas marked by temporary residents and physical deterioration, The members are tough adolescents who fight with weapons to win respect from rivals, and engage in destructive assaults on people and property.

Back 144

Conflict Gang

Front 145

Social Process Theories:

Back 145

Differential Association theory -

(Edwin H. Sutherland)

Containment theory - (Walter Reckless)

Social Bond theory - (Travis Hirschi)

Labeling theory -

(howard Becker, and Frank Tannenbaum)

Imitation theory - (Gabriel Tarde)

Neutralization / Drift theory -

(David C. Matza, and Gresham M. Sykes)

Front 146

This theory explained that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designates or (label) certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing a person and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity.

Back 146

Labeling theory

(Howard Becker, and Frank Tannenbaum)

Front 147

The Consequences of Labeling:

Back 147

Stigmatization

Self-labeling

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Dramatization of Evil

Front 148

Transforms the offender's identity from a "doer of evil" to "an evil person"

Back 148

Dramatization of Evil

Front 149

These are Deviant behavior patterns that are in response to an earlier labeling experience, a person act out these social roles even if they were falsely bestowed.

Back 149

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Front 150

It refers to the process by which a person who has been negatively labeled accepts the label as a personal role of identity.

Back 150

Self-labeling

Front 151

Labels are believed to produce stigma, people who have been negatively labeled because of their participation or alleged participation in deviant or outlawed behaviors maybe socially outcasted who may be prevented from enjoying a higher education, well-paying jobs and other social benefits.

Back 151

Stigmatization

Front 152

According to him, members of the rule-making society may label the rule breaking behavior deviant depending on the degree of reaction over time.

Back 152

Howard Becker 1963

Front 153

In 1938, he presented his own approach to labeling theory in response to his studies of juvenile participation in street gangs.

Back 153

Frank Tannenbaum

Front 154

This theory suggest that delinquents hold values similar to those law abiding citizens but they learn techniques that enable them to neutralize those values and drift back and forth between legitimate and delinquent behavior.

Back 154

Neutralization / Drift theory

(David C. Matza, and Gresham M. Sykes)

Front 155

They suggested that a person develops a distinct set of justifications for their behavior when it violates accepted social rules and norms.

Back 155

Sykes and Matza

Front 156

Neutralization techniques:

Back 156

Denial of the Victim

Denial of Responsibility

Denial of Injury

Front 157

Young offenders sometimes claim their unlawful acts were simply not their fault.

Back 157

Denial of Responsibility

Front 158

Criminals are able to neutralize their behavior by denying the wrongfulness of their act.

Back 158

Denial of Injury

Front 159

Criminals would neutralize their acts by maintaining that the victim crime

"had it coming". In this case, the criminal would blame his victim.

Back 159

Denial of the Victim

Front 160

Gabriel Tarde's Three laws of Immitation:

Back 160

The law of close contact- explains that people have a greater tendency to imitate the fashions or behaviors of those around them.

-the law of Immitation of superiors by inferiors

-the law of Insertion

Front 161

It explains that people have a greater tendency to imitate the fashions or behaviors of those around them.

Back 161

The law of Close Contact

Front 162

According to this theory, Criminality results from commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers and school); lack of such commitment allows them to exercise antisocial behavior choices, *people engage in crime and delinquency because of broken or weak social bonds.

Back 162

Social Bond Theory (Travis Hirschi)

Front 163

This theory assumed that, in every individual there is a containing Internal Psychological and Protective External Social Structure, that both provides defense and insulation against criminality. People commit crimes because of weak inner and outer containment factors.

Back 163

Containment theory (Walter Reckless)

Front 164

Containment factors:

Back 164

Inner Containment

Outer Containment

Front 165

Those formidable array of legal demands and prohibitions that keep most people within the behavioral bounds of society. (Laws/social norms, parental relationship, school supervision and discipline, strong group cohesion)

Back 165

Outer Containment

Front 166

Those ability of a person to resist temptations to deviate and maintain normative loyalty. (Self-control/ balanced ego, self-concept/good self-image, internalization of the social norms/ well developed conscience)

Back 166

Inner Containment

Front 167

This theory suggests that people commit crime by 'learning' in a social context through their interactions with others and communication with them.

Criminal behavior is learned by interaction with others, and this includes learning the techniques of commiting the crime, and the motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes for commiting it.

Back 167

Differential Association Theory

(Edwin H. Sutherland)

Front 168

The primary causes of criminal Behavior were neighborhood disintegration and slum conditions to a Place they called Transitional neighborhood - refers to the place in Chicago where ridden by poverty and which suffers high rates of population.

Back 168

Social Disorganization theory

(Clifford R. Shaw, and Henry D. Mckay)

Front 169

refers to the place in Chicago where ridden by poverty and which suffers high rates of population.

Back 169

Transitional Neighborhood

Front 170

He devised as theory of "Immitation" through which he tried to explain criminal behavior. He believed that the origins of deviance were similar to the origins of fads and fashion, and that his "three laws of imitation" can explain why people engage in crime.

Back 170

Gabriel Tarde

Front 171

These theories of crime focused on the association among intelligence, Personality, learning and criminal behavior.

Back 171

Psychological theories of Crime