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78 Cards in this Set
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Psychological Theories of Crime: |
-Psychodynamic Theory (Sigmund Freud) -Conditioning Theory (Hans Eysenck) -Cognitive Theory (Jean William Fritz Piaget) -Behavioral Theory (Burrhus Frederic Skinner) -Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) |
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This theory argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. |
Psychodynamic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
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These theories are focused on the association among intelligence, personality, learning and criminal behavior. |
Psychological theories of crime |
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As a child interacts more with the world, this component begins to develop. Its job is to meet the needs of the id, whilst taking into account the constraints of reality. It acknowledges that being impulsive or selfish can sometimes hurt us, so the id must be constrained (reality principle) |
Ego |
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The (Conscience of Man) - this component develops during the phallic stage as a result of the moral constraints placed on us by our parents. - It is generally believed that a strong superego serves to inhibits the biological instincts of the id (resulting in a high level of guilt), whereas a weak superego allows the id more expression (resulting in a low level of guilt). |
Superego |
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The "Conscience of Man" "The Moral Aspect" of the personality. |
Superego |
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The "Reality Principle" It Helps the personality refine the demands of the id; helps person adapt to conventions. |
Ego |
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This Allows us to get our basic needs met. Freud believed that this is based on the pleasure principle, it wants immediate satisfaction, with no consideration for the reality of the situation |
Id |
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The "Pleasure Principle" Unconscious biological drives; it requires instant gratification |
Id |
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These are aggressive, egocentric and impulsive. |
Psychoticism |
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are those with low self-esteem, excessive anxiety and wide mood swings. |
Neuroticism |
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He prepared the "Eysenck Personality Questionnaire" (EPQ) and found out those criminals uniformly score higher in any of those mentioned dimensions than non-criminals. |
Hans J. Eysenck |
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He found out that extroverts are much more difficult to condition than introverts. |
Hans Eysenck |
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This theory is "concerned with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes". It focuses on particular stimuli and how do people response toward that stimuli. It maintains that human actions are developed through learning experiences; that behavior is learned when it is rewarded and extinguished by negative reactions or punishments. Created by John B. Watson and popularized by Burrhus Frederic Skinner,
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Behavioral Theory (Burrhus Frederic Skinner) |
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These are sensation-seeking, dominant and assertive. |
Extroversion |
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A branch of psychology that "studies the perception of reality and the mental process required to understand the world we live". It focuses on mental processes-the way people perceive and mentally represents the world around them. It contains several subgroups: moral and intellectual development branch, which is concerned how people morally represents and reasons about the world. |
Cognitive theory (Jean William Fritz Piaget) |
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This theory maintains that; People are not actually born to act violently but they learned to be aggressive to their life experiences. Criminality is learned through close relationships with others; asserts that children are born "good" and learn to be "bad" from others. It further holds that a person's learning and social experiences, coupled with his or her values and expectations determine behavior. |
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) |
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are people who reside in areas where violence occurs daily, and are more likely to act violently than those in low crime areas. |
Environment |
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According to this theory, Adolescents who use information properly, who are better conditioned to make "reasoned judgments", and who can make quick, and "reasoned decisions" when facing emotion-laden are the ones that can avoid antisocial behavior choices. |
Cognitive theory (Jean William Fritz Piaget) |
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He claims that all human personality may be seen in three dimensions such as; Psychoticism, Extroversion, and Neuroticism |
Hans Eysenck |
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Economic and Environmental Theories of Crime Causation: |
-Karl Marx's Theory -Economic model of Criminal Behavior: Basic Theory (Gary S. Becker) |
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is an economic system in which capital goods are owned by private individuals or businesses. The production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general market (market economy), rather than through central planning (planned economy or command economy. |
Capitalism |
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It is the purest form of capitalism, in which private individuals are completely unrestrained in determining where to invest, what to produce or sell and at which prices to exchange goods and services, operating without checks or controls. |
Free market or Laissez-faire Capitalism |
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in his famous "Communist Manifesto", he viewed crime as the product of law enforcement policies akin to a labeling process theory; he saw connection between criminality and the inequities found in the capitalist system. |
Karl Heinrich Marx |
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According to him, "Capitalist Society" is subject to the development of a rigid class culture with the capitalist bourgeoisie at the top, followed by the working proletariat, and at the bottom, the fringe members who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others-dependent (lumpen proletariat). |
Karl Marx |
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The "Working Class"Farmers, Low skilled factory workers -They do not own any means of production. |
Proletariat |
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owners of the means of production. |
Capitalist Bourgeoisie |
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He states that the development of "Communist Manifesto" had turned workers into a dehumanized mass who lived an existence that was at the mercy of their capitalist employers |
Karl Marx |
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The "Capitalist class"-The wealthy, who own most of the means of production. |
Bourgeoisie |
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It assumed that participation in criminal activity is the result of an optimizing individual responding to incentives |
Economic Model of Criminal Behavior: Basic Theory (Gary S. Becker) |
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This theory claimed that it is not necessary to have a particular amount of wealth or prestige to be a member of the capitalist; it is more important to have the power to exploit others economically, legally and socially. |
Marxist Theory |
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people who do the actual labor. |
Proletariat |
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Ecology or Environmental Theories of Crime: |
-Human Ecology theory (Robert Park and Ernest Burgess) -Crime Pattern Theory
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is concerned with the examination of the relationship between man and his environment and man within an environment. Within sociology, it is concerned with the question of how people organize themselves socially to adapt are termed "dominant" groups. Those who exercise this control in lesser degree are termed "subdominant". |
Human Ecology theory (Robert Park and Ernest Burgess) |
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One of the principles of this theory is that communities consist of series of interrelated and interdependent corporate groupings which cooperate to extract their needs from the environment. |
Human Ecology theory (Robert Park and Ernest Burgess) |
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This theory is important in developing an understanding of crime and place because it combines rational choice and routine activity theory to help explain the distribution of crime across places. It exposes the interactions with their physical and social environments that influence offenders' choices of targets. |
Crime Pattern Theory |
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The Criminal Spatial Landscape as Elements of Crime Pattern Theory: |
Nodes Paths Edges Crime Attractors Crime Generators |
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A place that an individual is regularly drawn to, such as home, work, school, etc. For offenders, this tends to be the site of many of their offenses |
Nodes |
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Physical and perceptual boundaries between different parts of the city.Examples: boundaries of neighborhoods, changes in land use, socio- economic boundaries, entertainment districts.
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Edges |
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A particular node where lots of people tend to congregate for reasons that are not related to any particular criminal activity. It provides concentration of potential targets.Example: funfair where people gather during fiesta may generate pick pocketing because of the presence of people who are anonymous with each other. |
Crime Generators |
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These are the nodes of known criminal activity that attract additional offenders. Example: the presence of drug den in an area may attract potential drug users |
Crime Attractors |
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The routes between nodes. It is also the locations of many offenses. |
Paths |
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the study of crime, criminality, and victimization as they relate, first, to the particular places, and secondly, to the way that individuals and organizations shape their activities spatially, and in so doing are in turn influenced by place-based or spatial factors. |
Environmental criminology |
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POLITICAL THEORIES OF CRIME: |
-Conservatism and Liberalism Theory -Radicalism Theory -Conflict theory (Willem A. Bonger, Ralf G. Dahrendorf, and George B. Vold.) |
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This assumes that the ideal society is one in which authority is unquestioned. Because human nature is basically egoistic, people need discipline instruction for those with the requisite capacity, restraint for those lacking the capacity to understand. society is threatened by defective people, they cannot or will not accept the authority and direction of their superiors, and resorts to crime to profit from the labors of others. it is related to a Communist form of Government where the power of government is absolute and controls the behavior and actions of its people. |
Conservatism |
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It assumes that the ideal society is one in which there is equality of opportunity and a general consensus to accept differences in rewards as the outcomes of fair competition. It is completely the opposite of conservatism. it can be compared to Democratic form of Government, in which everybody's opinion is respected, there is fairness and equality for all. |
Liberalism |
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Its main notion is to replace defective societies. Whether left or right. This ideology envisions the ideal society as one in which people are naturally creative, freedom-loving, and able to do as they please in going about their peaceful business, without interference by anyone, especially those claiming or representing some presumed higher authority. |
Radicalism Theory |
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Racial and ethnic minorities are favored to keep more capable groups from becoming strong enough to challenge the system. |
Rightist Ideology |
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particularly those inspired by Marxism, class racial, and other forms of discrimination are promoted by the "ruling classes" to keep the work force divided, thus more easily controlled. |
Leftist Ideology |
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This maintains that Crime is the outcome of class struggle. The classes that are struggling here are the upper, middle and lower class. Conflict works to promote crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling dissatisfied members of the society while the wealthy maintain their position of power. *It also viewed that crime is defined by those in power. |
Conflict theory By: Willem A. Bonger Ralf G. Dahrendorf George B. Vold |
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According to him, everyone may desire wealth, but it is only the most privileged people, with the most capital, who can enjoy luxuries and advantages. And that people care only for their own lives and pleasures and ignore the plight of the disadvantage. |
Willem A. Bonger |
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He argued that modern society is organized into what he called imperatively coordinated associations. These associations comprise of two groups: (those who possess authority) and use it for social domination and (those who lack authority) and are dominated. And that society is a plurality of competing interest groups. |
Ralf G. Dahrendorf |
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He was the one who adapted the Conflict Theory in Criminology. He argued that crime can also be explained by social conflict, Laws are created by politically-oriented groups, who seek the government's assistance to help them defend their rights and protect their interests. |
George B. Vold |
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DEVELOPMENT LIFE COURSE THEORIES OF CRIME: |
-Life Course Theory -Latent Trait theory |
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It sees crime as the result of a developmental process that starts before birth and continues throughout a person's life. It seeks to understand the interaction between individual factors such as genetics, personality, and social factors such as family and community well-being |
Life Course Perspective |
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This theory argues that while biological factors tend to be more significant early in an individual's life, the relative effect of social influences grows over time. Its key aspect is the identification of key developmental junctures that can be used as points to intervene to promote positive development. |
Life Course Perspective |
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This theory maintains that, As people are into the process of transition moving from one stage to another stage of life, like from adolescents to adulthood, along the way, he or she may experience some disruption in any of the stages mentioned. The disruption in any of the stages can lead to criminal behavior. - It viewed criminality as "Dynamic Process", influenced by a multiple of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences. |
Life Course Theory |
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This theory is completely opposite to Life Course Theory. It claims that people do not change, criminal opportunities change; maturity brings fewer opportunities; early social control such as proper parenting can reduce criminal propensity. It also holds that human development is controlled by a "master trait-such as personality, intelligence, and genetic make-up", present at birth. It is also believed that this trait remains stable and unchanging throughout the person's lifetime whereas others suggest that it can be altered, influenced, or changed by subsequent experience. |
Latent Trait theory |
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This theory is an integration or combination of both the "bio", "psycho", and the "socio". |
Bio-psychosocial Model of Crime Causation |
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A component of the "Bio-psychosocial Theory" that examines aspects of biology that influence health. This might include things like brain changes, genetics, or functioning of major body organs |
bio |
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A component of "Bio-psychosocial theory" that examines psychological components, things like thoughts, emotions, or behaviors. |
Psycho |
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A component of the "Bio-psychosocial Theory" that examines social factors that might influence the health of an individual, like our interactions with others, our culture, our economic status. |
Social |
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THEORIES ON WOMEN OFFENDERS: |
-Theory of Masculinity (Freda Adler) -Opportunity theory (Rita J Simon) -Critical Feminist Theory -Power-Control Theory (John L. Hagan)
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This theory argued that, women are involved in more crime due to the increasing participation of women in social movements since the 1970's, which changed role of female in family and the feelings of independence in her work and thought. All these factors promote the "masculinization process of women" role in society. |
Theory of Masculinity (Freda Adler) |
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The main premise of this theory is that criminalities of women are mainly dependent on the masculinity behavior of female. * Empowered women are involved in more serious violent crime than non-empowered women due to the masculinity. |
Theory of Masculinity (Freda Adler) |
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A prominent female criminologist on her book entitled, "Sister in Crime: The Rise of a New Female Criminal" in 1975 has helped to develop the masculinity theory. She argued that, women are involved in more crime due to the increasing participation of women in social movements. |
Freda Adler |
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This was created by Rita J. Simon, in her work,"Women and Society", this theory argued that the involvement of criminal activities is increased when women have different opportunities. Increasing opportunities of women reduced the rates of violent female offending, but increased the rates of property crimes. |
Opportunity theory (Rita J. Simon) |
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She also argued that, "when more women get access in labor market as skilled labor and possess highly specialized position in the job sector, they commit more employment related property crime like men". Some women take the advantage of these opportunities, just as some men do before. |
Rita J. Simon |
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This theory is also known as "Marxist feminists". It holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men. Further, the cause of female criminality originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control female sexuality. -Women are a "commodity" like land or money. The male exploitation acts as a trigger for female criminal or delinquent behavior |
Critical Feminist Theory |
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This theory Suggests that class influences delinquency and criminality by controlling the quality of family life. In "Egalitarian families", where the husband and the wife share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace, their daughters gain a kind of freedom that reflects reduced parental control. These families produce daughters whose law violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers. The daughters of successful and powerful mothers are more at risk of delinquency than the daughters of stay-at-home mothers. |
Power-Control Theory ( John L. Hagan) |
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The full name of Karl Marx |
Karl Heinrich Marx |
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people who organize themselves socially to adapt are termed? |
Dominant Groups |
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Those who exercise control in lesser degree are termed? |
Subdominant |
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Changes in society like the presence of commercial establishments, shopping centers, increases the number of potential targets, separating them from people who can protect them, while the rational offenders are engaging in their routine activities, they will note places without guardians, and plans to target it |
Crime Pattern Theory |
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It sees the criminal as committing a crime if the expected gain from criminal activity exceeds the gain from legal activity/work. |
Economic Model of Criminal Behavior: Basic Theory (Gary S Becker) |
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An individual who is motivated by his conviction, commits an unlawful act designed to attack the social structure to bring about a reorganization of the system. |
Political Criminal |
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Is any unlawful act committed by a politician |
Political Crime |
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It seeks to understand the interaction between individual factors such as genetics, personality, and social factors such as family and community well-being |
Life course perspective |
