Bio1008- Urinary System Physiology

Front 1

Main organ of the urinary system?

Back 1

Kidney

Front 2

Functions of the kidney

Back 2

1. Removal of metabolic waste material from the blood and the production of urine

2. Secretion of the hormone erythropoietin

3. Activation of vitamin D

4. Secretion of renin

Front 3

Erythropoietin

Back 3

A hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells

Front 4

Significance of vitamin D

Back 4

Necessary for the proper absorption of calcium

Front 5

Renin

Back 5

Helps to regulate blood pressure

Front 6

Basic functional unit of the kidney

Back 6

Nephron

Front 7

Blood circulation through the kidney

Back 7

Renal artery

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

Cortical radiate artery

Afferent arteriole

Glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

Peritubular capillaries

and/or

Vasa Recta

Cortico radiate vein

Arcuate vein

Interlobar vein

Renal vein

Front 8

Processes that form urine

Back 8

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

Front 9

Filtration

Back 9

The movement of substances from the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule

Front 10

Fluid within Bowman's capsule

Back 10

Filtrate

Front 11

Reabsorption

Back 11

The movement of substances from the filtrate back into the renal tubules

Front 12

Where does reabsorption take place?

Back 12

66% occurs in the PCT

Front 13

Secretion

Back 13

The movement of substances from the capillaries into the renal tubules

Front 14

What happens to the substances secreted by the kidneys?

Back 14

It ends up in the final urine product

Front 15

Filtrate

Back 15

The fluid produced as a result of filtration

Front 16

Non filterable components of blood

Back 16

Large proteins

Formed elements

Front 17

Substances found in the filtrate

Back 17

Water

Glucose

Amino acids

Various Ions

Waste products

Front 18

Ions found in filtrate

Back 18

Na

Cl

K

Ca

Front 19

Waste products found in filtrate

Back 19

Urea

Creatine

Front 20

What force drives filtration?

Back 20

Filtration pressure

Front 21

Formula for filtration pressure

Back 21

Glomerular Hydrostaric Pressure - (Glomerular Plasma Osmotic Pressure + Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure)

Front 22

Calculation for typical filtration pressure

Back 22

60 [GHP] - (32 [GPOP] + 18 [CHP]) = 10mmHg [FP]

Front 23

How are the filtration rate and filtration pressure related?

Back 23

Direct relationship

Front 24

How can filtration pressure vary?

Back 24

1. Change in the diameters of the arterioles

2. Change in the glomerular plasma osmotic pressure

3. Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule

Front 25

How does GPOP affect filtration pressure?

Back 25

An increase in GPOP decreases filtration pressure

Front 26

How does the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule affect filtration pressure?

Back 26

An increase will decrease filtration pressure

Front 27

What is the amount of filtrate produced by both kidneys in 24 hours?

Back 27

180 liters

Front 28

If 180 liters of filtrate is produced by the kidneys each day, why do we urinate significantly less?

Back 28

Most is reabsorbed

Front 29

Renal cortex

Back 29

Outer layer of the kidney

Front 30

Renal medulla

Back 30

Inner layer of the kidney

Front 31

Renal pyramids

Back 31

Conical masses of tissue seen in the renal medulla

Front 32

Renal papillae

Back 32

Tips of the renal pyramids

Front 33

Renal columns

Back 33

Extensions of the renal cortex into the medulla

Front 34

Types of nephrons in the kidney

Back 34

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

Front 35

Cortical Nephron

Back 35

80% of all nephrons

Loop of Henle remains in the cortex or barely dips into the medulla

Front 36

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Back 36

20% of all nephrons

Loop of Henle dips well down into the medulla

Front 37

Glomerulus

Back 37

A capillary network within the kidney

Front 38

Bowman's capsule

Back 38

Surrounds each glomerulus

Front 39

Renal Corpuscle

Back 39

Glomerulus and bowman's capsule together as one unit

Front 40

Composition of Bowman's capsule

Back 40

Two layers of simple squamous epithelial cells

Front 41

How does the permeability of the glomeruli compare to the capillaries in other parts of the body?

Back 41

The glomeruli are much more permeable

Front 42

What makes the glomeruli so permeable?

Back 42

Fenestrations

Front 43

Fenestrations

Back 43

Numerous tiny openings within the glomerular walls

Front 44

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 44

Formed by the combination of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells

Front 45

Macula Densa

Back 45

The epithelial cells that are narrowed and packed together where the DCT comes into contact with the afferent arteriole

Front 46

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Back 46

Large smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole that come into contact with the macula densa

Secrete renin

Front 47

Renal pelvis

Back 47

The expansion of the ureter as it enters the kidney

Front 48

Ureter

Back 48

The tube that connects the kidney with the urinary bladder

Front 49

Urethra

Back 49

The tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body