Bio1008- Digestive System Physiology

Front 1

What type of tissue lines the stomach?

Back 1

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 2

For how long does food stay in the stomach?

Back 2

2-6hrs

Front 3

Mucous membrane of the stomach

Back 3

Inner lining

Contains gastric glands

Front 4

Gastric glands

Back 4

Glands within the mucus membrane of the stomach

Contain gastric pits

Front 5

Gastric pits

Back 5

Openings of the gastric glands into the gastric cavity

Front 6

What types of cells are the gastric glands made of?

Back 6

1. Mucous cells

2. Chief Cells

3. Parietal cells

Front 7

Mucous cells of the stomach

Back 7

- secretes mucous

- forms a protective lining for the stomach wall against stomach acid

Front 8

Stomach acid

Back 8

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

Front 9

Chief cells

Back 9

Secrete pepsinogen

Front 10

Pepsinogen

Back 10

Converts to pepsin when it comes in contact with hydrochloric acid

Front 11

Parietal cells

Back 11

- secretes HCl

- secretes intrinsic factor

Front 12

HCl

Back 12

Hydrochloric Acid

Gives the stomach its acidic environment

Front 13

Intrinsic Factor

Back 13

Necessary for proper absorption of vitamin B12

Front 14

Rugae

Back 14

Folds of tissue within the empty stomach

Increases total area of the stomach and allows it to stretch

Front 15

Gastric Secretions

Back 15

Released when a person thinks about, sees, smells, and tastes food

Front 16

Stages of cephalic secretions

Back 16

1. Cephalic phase

2. Gastric phase

3. Intestinal phase

Front 17

Cephalic phase

Back 17

Gastric secretions that are released when a person thinks about, sees, smells, and tastes food

Increased salivary secretion

Front 18

Gastric phase

Back 18

Begins when food enters the stomach

The presence of food stimulates the release of gastrin

Increased gastric gland secretion, enzyme secretion, and stomach motility

Front 19

Gastrin

Back 19

A hormone that stimulates the production of gastric juices

Front 20

Intestinal phase

Back 20

Begins when food passes through the pyloric sphincter and enters your duodenum

As the duodenum fills with chyme, the enterogastric reflex begins

Gastric secretions of the stomach are eventually inhibited

Front 21

Enterogastric reflex

Back 21

As the duodenum is stretched, gastric secretions and motility are inhibited to prevent overfilling of the duodenum

Front 22

pH of the stomach

Back 22

About 1

Front 23

Cholecystokinin and secretin

Back 23

Hormones that cause a decrease in gastric motility and an inhibition of gastric gland secretion

Front 24

Types of muscular movements of the GI tract

Back 24

1. Peristalsis

2. Segmentation

Front 25

Peristalsis

Back 25

Wave-like muscular contractions that propel the movement of food or chyme along the digestive tract

Front 26

Segmentation

Back 26

Localized contractions of the stomach and the small intestine that result in the mixing of chyme and digestive juices

Front 27

What type of tissue lines the small intestine?

Back 27

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 28

Structures of the small intestine that serve to increase surface area

Back 28

1. Plicae circulares

2. Intestinal villi

3. Microvilli

Front 29

Plicae circulares

Back 29

Circular folds within the small intestine that are extensions of the submucosa and mucous membrane

Front 30

Intestinal villi

Back 30

Numerous tiny projections of mucous membrane coming off of the plicae circulares

Front 31

Microvilli

Back 31

Microscopic extensions of the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane

Front 32

Secretions of the small intestine

Back 32

1. Mucous from the Brunner's glands

2. Digestive enzymes from the mucosal cells

3. Mucous from goblet cells

Front 33

Function of mucous secreted from the Brunner's glands

Back 33

Protects the inner lining of the small intestine

Front 34

Digestive enzymes secreted by mucosal cells within the small intestine

Back 34

1. Peptidases

2. Sucrase

3. Lactase

4. Maltase

5. Lipase

Front 35

How are secretions of the small intestine regulated?

Back 35

By the release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum

As chyme enters the duodenum, secretions increase

Front 36

The largest amount of absorption occurs in the ____

Back 36

Small intestine

Front 37

What are the mechanisms of absorption into the blood for monosaccharides?

Back 37

active transport and diffusion

Front 38

What is the mechanism of absorption for amino acids?

Back 38

Active transport

Front 39

What are the mechanisms of absorption into the blood for electrolytes?

Back 39

Diffusion and active transport

Front 40

What are the mechanisms of absorption into the blood for water?

Back 40

Osmosis

Front 41

What are the mechanisms of absorption into the blood for fatty acids?

Back 41

Mostly diffusion

In epithelial cells, most are converted back into fats:

- these fats become organized into chylomicrons

- chylomicrons travel into lacteals, which transport by lymph to the blood

- Chylomicrons reach the muscle and adipose tissue where they are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

Front 42

After the chylomicrons are broken down, what happens to the products and remnants?

Back 42

Fatty acids and glycerol: either stored or used as energy sources

Remnants of chylomicrons: destroyed by the liver by lysosomal activity

Front 43

Chylomicrons

Back 43

A type of lipoprotein

Front 44

Lipoprotein

Back 44

Fats that are organized into clusters and encased in protein

Front 45

Lacteals

Back 45

Lymphatic capillaries

Front 46

Diarrhea

Back 46

A condition in which stools are watery due to frequent defecation

The rapid movement of chyme does not allow for the normal absorption of water, nutrients, and electrolytes

Front 47

Peyer's Patches

Back 47

Accumulations of lymph nodules within the mucosal lining of the ileum

Front 48

What is a distinguishing feature of the large intestine?

Back 48

Taenia coli

Front 49

Taenia coli

Back 49

A unique arrangement of longitudinal fibers, grouped into tape-like strips

Front 50

Main functions of the large intestine

Back 50

1. Absorption of water and electrolytes from the remaining chyme

2. The formation and storage of feces

3. Contains bacteria which help to make certain vitamins

Front 51

Pouches of the large intestine

Back 51

Haustra

Front 52

Example of a vitamin synthesized in the large intestine and its function in the body

Back 52

Vitamin K

Necessary for proper blood clotting

Front 53

Defecation

Back 53

The release of feces to the exterior of the body

Front 54

What triggers the defecation reflex?

Back 54

• A voluntary deep breath and contracting the abdominal wall muscles

• this causes feces to be forced into the rectum, triggering the reflex

Front 55

What are the events of the defecation reflex?

Back 55

1. Parastaltic waves are stimulated in the descending colon

2. Internal anal sphincter relaxes

3. An additional deep breath causes the abdominal muscles to contract and the diaphragm to lower, both of which create pressure on the rectum

4. External anal sphincter is signaled to relax and feces exits the body

Front 56

What type of tissue makes up the internal anal sphincter?

Back 56

Smooth muscle

Front 57

What type of tissue makes up the external anal sphincter?

Back 57

Skeletal muscle

Front 58

Where is the pancreas located?

Back 58

Behind the stomach

Front 59

What are examples of secretions of the pancreas?

Back 59

Insulin

Glucagon

Digestive enzymes

Front 60

Insulin

Back 60

Lowers blood sugar levels by converting glucose into glycogen

Front 61

Glycogen

Back 61

A form of sugar that is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

Front 62

Glucagon

Back 62

Raises blood sugar levels by converting glycogen into glucose

Front 63

Pancreatic digestive enzymes

Back 63

1. Amylase

2. Lipase

3. Trypsin

4. Chymotrypsin

5. Carboxypeptidase

Front 64

What influences the secretions from the pancreas?

Back 64

Secretin

Cholecystokinin

Front 65

Appendix

Back 65

Worm-like structure that opens into the cecum

Front 66

Function of your appendix

Back 66

Seems to have immune function.

No known digestive function

Front 67

Digestive function of liver

Back 67

The production of bile

Front 68

Bile composition

Back 68

1. Bile salts

2. Bile pigment

3. Cholesterol

4. Water

Front 69

Bile pigments

Back 69

Bilirubin and biliverdin

Hemoglobin breakdown products

Front 70

Function of bile

Back 70

Emulsification

Aiding in the absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol

Front 71

Emulsification

Back 71

The breaking apart of large fat globules into smaller fat droplets

Allows for more efficient enzymatic digestion of fat

Front 72

Kupffer cells

Back 72

Large phagocytic cells in the liver that help engulf entering pathogens

Front 73

Gallbladder

Back 73

Pear shaped organ located on the inferior surface of the liver

Functions to store and concentrate bile

Front 74

What regulates the release of bile?

Back 74

The hormone cholecystokinin

Front 75

Appendicitis

Back 75

Inflammation of the appendix

Front 76

Appendectomy

Back 76

The removal of the appendix

Front 77

Gallstones

Back 77

Most commonly caused when cholesterol precipitates out of the bile

Front 78

Back 78

Right hepatic duct

Front 79

Back 79

Common hepatic duct

Front 80

Back 80

Cystic duct

Front 81

Back 81

Common bile duct

Front 82

Back 82

Pancreatic duct

Front 83

Back 83

Duodenum

Front 84

Back 84

Duodenal papilla

Front 85

Digestion

Back 85

The process by which food is broken down and the nutrients are absorbed for use by the body's cells

Front 86

Mechanical digestion

Back 86

The tearing/shredding of foods

Accomplished primarily by teeth

Front 87

Chemical digestion

Back 87

A chemical process in which enzymes are used to speed up hydrolysis of bonds in food compounds

Front 88

What are polypeptides broken down into?

Back 88

Dipeptides

Front 89

Dipeptides

Back 89

Short chains of AA

Broken down into AA, which are absorbed and delivered to body cells

Front 90

Function of digestive enzymes

Back 90

Catalyze hydrolysis

Front 91

What tissue lines the oral cavity?

Back 91

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 92

Salivary glands

Back 92

Parotid glands

Submandibular glands

Sublingual gland

Front 93

Parotid glands

Back 93

2 of them

Exocrine glands (have ducts)

In cheeks

Front 94

Submandibular glands

Back 94

2 of them

Below mandible

Front 95

Sublingual gland

Back 95

1 gland

Under the tongue

Front 96

Function of saliva

Back 96

Helps to keep the oral cavity tissues moistened

Helps form a bolus

Helps to dissolve chemicals in the food that we eat

Front 97

Bolus

Back 97

Small, round mass of food that we swallow

Front 98

Types of saliva

Back 98

Serous saliva

Mucous saliva

Front 99

Serous saliva

Back 99

Involved in moisten function

Involved in dissolving chemicals

Front 100

Mucous saliva

Back 100

Helps form a bolus

Front 101

Tissue in tongue

Back 101

Composed of skeletal muscle

Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Front 102

Type of tissue in gingiva

Back 102

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 103

Gingivitis

Back 103

Inflammation of the gingiva

Front 104

Periodontitis

Back 104

Inflammation of the periodontal ligament and associated structures

Front 105

Digestive tract movement

Back 105

Peristalsis

Segmentation

Front 106

Peristalsis

Back 106

Propels the bolus, chyme, feces, in forward, "wave like" contractions

Front 107

Segmentation

Back 107

Back and forth contractions

Results in a mixing action

Front 108

Wisdom teeth

Back 108

3rd molars

Front 109

Soft tissue impaction

Back 109

Tooth comes through the bone but not fully through the gingiva

Front 110

Bony impaction

Back 110

Tooth fails to erupt through the bone

Front 111

Dental Caries

Back 111

Tooth disease that results in the formation of tooth defects

AKA cavities

Front 112

Plaque

Back 112

A sticky film of bacteria on the surface of the teeth that release acids

#1 cause of cavities