Ap Euro: Chapter 19 Terms

Front 1

Agricultural Revolution

Back 1

17th-18th centuries, peasants SOL same as medieval
LATER increased crop production, feed more people
Methods of cultivation improve
selective breeding of livestock

Front 2

Open field system

Back 2

soil exhaustion on common land, let rand rest for year or 2
Villages: open meadows for hay and pasture

Front 3

Cornelius Vermuyden

Back 3

Dutch drainage techniques
English do the same later

Front 4

Charles Townsend

Back 4

Turnip\English ambassador to Netherlands
brought Dutch innovations home to England
Nitrogen rich crops (turnips) to replenish soil, feed to livestock
Drained marshland, crop rotation
No slaughter prior to winter

Front 5

Crop rotation

Back 5

Using turnips to replenish soil
Charles Townsend
Replaced open field system

Front 6

Jethro Tull

Back 6

seed drill: sown in straight lines, not scattered
Empiricism in agriculture
Use horses not ox to plow

Front 7

Seed Drill

Back 7

Jethro Tull
Seeds sown in straight lines, not scattered

Front 8

Robert Bakewell

Back 8

selective breeding of livestock
healtheir, more meat/wool/leather/soap/maure

Front 9

Enclosure Movement

Back 9

18th Century
Landlords consolidated scattered holdinings into fenced fields
Common pasture lands enclosed, ended open field system
Commercialization of agriculture
Parliament, 3000 Enclosure Acts

Front 10

Corn Laws

Back 10

1816
high tarriffs placed on foreign grain, drove up price of grain in England
Monopolistic comp

Front 11

Population Explosion

Back 11

Agricultural revolution means more food
New food
Better roads and canals, improved food transport
Better diets, more variety, better immune system

Front 12

Proto-Industrialism

Back 12

Cottage industry, putting out system
Cheap countryside labor challenges guild
Wool cloth: single most important product

Front 13

Cottage industry

Back 13

part of putting out system
Proto Industrialism
Wool made in home by spinsters

Front 14

Flying shuttle

Back 14

John Kay 1733
reaper needed only one hand to throw shuttle back and forth between threads

Front 15

Spinning Jenny

Back 15

1764
James Hargreaves
mechanized spinning wheel

Front 16

water framed

Back 16

Richard Arkwright
1769
steam power on looms

Front 17

spinning mule

Back 17

Sam Cromptom
Combine best features of spinning Jenny and Water frame

Front 18

Atlantic Economy

Back 18

18th Century: European maritime expansion
Sugar, world trade, self sufficient nations
Mercantilism

Front 19

Bullionism

Back 19

build up large reserves of gold

Front 20

Sugar

Back 20

most important trade commodity in Atlantic trade

Front 21

Bank of England

Back 21

1694
capital for economic development

Front 22

Act of Union

Back 22

1707
unified England and Scotland
trade benefit for Scots

Front 23

English Navigation Act

Back 23

Increase military pwoer, private wealth
First: Cromwell, reduce Dutch domination of Atlantic trade
Most goods on British ships with British crews
British merchants: monopoly on trade with colonies

Front 24

Triangular Trad

Back 24

England, American colonies, Carribean, Africa
Columbia Exchange

Front 25

Dutch Empire

Back 25

Middle class Burghers dominated politics
Golden age: first half of 17th Century
Religious toleration, decentralized government

Front 26

Anglo-Dutch Wars

Back 26

1650-1674
3 destructive wars
1664: New Amsterdam taken by English, renamed NY

Front 27

Slave Trade

Back 27

growth of Atlantic trade
10 million Africans transported to New World in 17th-18th Centuries
Half on British ships
Chartered company monopolies (Royal African company)

Front 28

Middle Passage

Back 28

20-30% slaves died
Horrible conditions

Front 29

South Sea Bubble

Back 29

1719: British government gave South Sea Company rights to take over British debt
Monopoly over slave trade with Latin America
Company expected to make profit on interest collected from gov on debt
Converted into stock shares
Speculator frenzy, bubble popped in 1720
Large scale financial crisis

Front 30

Mississippi Bubble

Back 30

1720
Mississippi Company had monopoly on French trade w/ Louisiana
Took on national debt
Stock prices up, collapse

Front 31

War of Spanish Succession

Back 31

French and Spanish superpower threat
Threat to Britain in North America
ended with Treaty of Utrecht

Front 32

Treaty of Utrecht

Back 32

France lost Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay to GB
Spain lost asiento, British get to bring 1 ship to Panama for trade

Front 33

7 Years' War

Back 33

French and Indian War
1754-1763
Ohio Valley
GW and troops engage French at Fort Duquesne
William Pitt (British PM) focused on North America
British win, French leaves
Ended with Treaty of Paris

Front 34

Treaty of Paris

Back 34

Ended 7 Years' War
France no longer major colonial power, lost Canada, possessions east of Mississippi to GB, west to Spain
Spain looses Florida to British
Britain is dominant world power

Front 35

American Revolution

Back 35

1775-1783
France and Spain give money and military to colonies, weaken British empire
colonies: most valuable colonial possessions of British

Front 36

Creoles

Back 36

Spaniards of Latin America
20% of American population
European style aristocracy in Latin America

Front 37

Mestizos

Back 37

children to Spanish fathers, Native American mothers
30% of population